Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression among Outpatients with Type 2 Diabetes in the Mexican Population

Depression and anxiety are common in diabetic patients; however, in recent years the frequency of these symptoms has markedly increased worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the frequency and factors associated with depression and anxiety, since they can be responsible for premature morbidity, mortality, risk of developing comorbidities, complications, suffering of patients, as well as escalation of costs. We studied the frequency of depression and anxiety in Mexican outpatients with type 2 diabetes and identified the risk factors for depression and anxiety.We performed a study in 820 patients with type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of depression and anxiety was estimated using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, respectively. We calculated the proportions for depression and anxiety and, after adjusting for confounding variables, we performed multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regressions to evaluate the combined effect of the various factors associated with anxiety and depression among persons with type 2 diabetes. The rates for depression and anxiety were 48.27% (95% CI: 44.48–52.06) and 55.10% (95% CI: 51.44–58.93), respectively. Occupation and complications in diabetes were the factors associated with anxiety, whereas glucose level and complications in diabetes were associated with depression. Complications in diabetes was a factor common to depression and anxiety (p<0.0001; OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.29–2.4).Our findings demonstrate that a large proportion of diabetic patients present depression and/or anxiety. We also identified a significant association between complications in diabetes with depression and anxiety. Interventions are necessary to hinder the appearance of complications in diabetes and in consequence prevent depression and anxiety

No association between COMT val158met polymorphism and suicidal behavior: meta-analysis and new data

Abstract Background The polymorphism COMTval158met has been associated with suicidal behavior in case-control and meta-analysis studies, but results and conclusions remain controversial. The objective of this study was to examine the association between COMT val158met with suicidal behavior in a case-control study and to assess the combined evidence -this case-control study and available data from other related studies- we carried out a meta-analysis. Methods We conducted a case-control study with 105 patients with suicide attempts and 236 controls. Subsequently, we performed a meta-analysis of published genetic association studies by searching through Medline, PubMed and Web of Science databases. Results No significant differences were found in the distribution of alleles (χ2 = 0.33, 1 df, p = 0.56) or genotypes (χ2 = 2.36, 2 df, p = 0.26). The meta-analysis comprising 12 association studies (including the present one) showed that the risk COMTmet allele of COMTval158/met is not associated with suicidal behavior (OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.97-1.23), even in the absence of heterogeneity (OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.97-1.23). Conclusion Our results showed no association between COMTval158/met and suicidal behavior. However, more studies are necessary to determine conclusively an association between COMT and suicidal behavior.</p

Association between APOE

Abstract Background Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a glycoprotein that plays an important role in lipid homeostasis at both cerebral and systemic levels. Moreover, the differential distribution of APOE gene alleles among different populations, means that ApoE isoforms could have different effects on lipids metabolism. The present study aims to evaluate the relationship between APOE gene alleles and the lipid profile in a Mexican Amerindian (MA) population. Methods This study included 1997 MA individuals of different ethnicities distributed throughout different states of Mexico. All individuals underwent anthropometric measurements as well as laboratory tests including fasting glucose (FG), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C). TaqMan® probe genotyping assays were used to genotype APOE. The Kruskal–Wallis test was performed to determine the correlation between APOE gene alleles and genotypes and the biochemical variables measured. Results Among the biochemical variables analyzed, only the HDL‐C and LDL‐C levels showed statistical differences (p‐value  E3 > E4). This relationship was inversed for LDL‐C levels (E2 < E3 < E4). Nevertheless, the difference of HDL‐C levels between APOE‐E3 and APOE‐E4 carriers remained only in obese individuals. Conclusions Our results suggest that APOE gene genotypes play an important role in the differential modulation of lipid profiles in the MA population with obesity

Association between clinical characteristics and depression in patients with type 2 diabetes.

*<p>Logistic regression model adjusted for all variables in the table.</p><p>CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio.</p

Socio-epidemiologic characteristics and gender differences of patients with type 2 diabetes.

<p>Socio-epidemiologic characteristics and gender differences of patients with type 2 diabetes.</p

Association between clinical characteristics and anxiety in patients with type 2 diabetes.

*<p>Logistic regression model adjusted for all variables in the table.</p><p>CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio.</p