The Effectiveness of Teacher Feedback in ESL Composition : How to Improve It and How to Fully Internalize It

This paper reviews teacher feedback to student writing in ESL composition. I will start by introducing Vivian Zamel\u27s article (1985), which triggered the active movement of feedback research (section 1), then focus on the nature of teacher feedback and how students receive it (section 2), later I will address some studies which investigated the effectiveness of teacher feedback (section 3), and finally suggest how the teachers can improve their feedback and how students can make the most of it (section 4)

Rethinking of the Harmony A comparative study of the Concept of Harmony in the East and the West

This paper considers the difference of concept of the harmony in Japanese everyday interaction. Japanese culture has been discussed that it is quite unique. Harmony is one of the unique characteristics, the keynote, especially in the Japanese interaction. Actually, the origin of the word \u27harmony\u27 is a Latin word. So it is not a concept that Is peculiar to Japanese culture. This paper first compares the origin of the concept of harmony in each culture and shows differences between Japanese \u27wa (harmony)\u27 and the word \u27harmony\u27 In English sense. Then, it examines the singularity of Japanese harmony in interaction. Then I illustrate the English interaction that seems to have common nature of Japanese harmony, It can be suggested that during the interaction, Japanese people try to maintain harmonious atmosphere In the context, not limited to human relationships. Harmony can be fulfilled by participants\u27 patience and tolerance

Pragmatic Use of Aizuchi in Japanese Discourse : A Comparison with English Backchannels

Listener\u27s verbal or non-verbal signals are known as backchannel expressions. They are translated "Aizuchi" in Japanese, which are understood as the same as English backchannel expressions in general. It is however, Maynard (1989), Mizutani (1983), and LoCastro (1999) explained that Aizuchi and English backchannels have several differences in frequency, occurrences, and their meanings. In this study, we will focus on the basic structural level of Japanese Aizuchi and backchannels in American English. The data for this paper are obtained from natural conversations between English and Japanese university students. There are two findings that will be explained and discussed. First, we found that Japanese Aizuchi has much more variety than English backchannel. Second, it is found that one of the basic types of Japanese Aizuchi "sou" has flexible forms, which are connected by sentence final particles (SFPs). As regards thinking about the performance level of Japanese Aizuchi, we saw several pragmatic style-shifts to make listener\u27s creative meanings in Japanese conversations. Such Japanese behaviors might be the result of emphasizing pragmatic and functional aspects than Americans in the use of listeners\u27 utterances

Dynamics of a family of quadratic maps in C^2

In this note, the dynamics of a familv of quadratic maps in C^2 is investigated. Especially, the topology of their filled-in Julia sets is studied. It turns out that the filled-in Julia set is a Cantor set if all the critical points escape to infinity