Transverse Galaxy Velocities from Multiple Topological Images

The study of the kinematics of galaxies within clusters or groups has the limitation that only one of the three velocity components and only two of the three spatial components of a galaxy position in six-dimensional phase space can normally be measured. However, if multiple topological images of a cluster exist, then the radial positions and sky plane mean velocities of galaxies in the cluster may also be measurable from photometry of the two cluster images. The vector arithmetic and principles of the analysis are presented. These are demonstrated by assuming the suggested topological identification of the clusters RX J1347.5-1145 and CL 09104+4109 to be correct and deducing the sky-plane relative velocity component along the axis common to both images of this would-be single cluster. Three out of four of the inferred transverse velocities are consistent with those expected in a rich cluster. A control sample of random `common' sky-plane axes, independent of the topological hypothesis, implies that this is not surprising. This shows that while galaxy kinematics are deducible from knowledge of cosmological topology, it is not easy to use them to refute a specific candidate manifold.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, accepted for MNRA

The solid-state Ku-band power amplifier

A survey of IMPATT diodes and negative resistance amplifiers is presented. The first phase of the amplifier effort is discussed in which a single diode reflection amplifier delivering 0.5 watt at 15 GHz with 10-dB gain over a 1-GHz band was developed. The design of a dominant mode resonant combiner is described along with the characterization of the IMPATT diodes. Results are given on the complete amplifier and on the thermal and graceful failure characteristics of the unit