The population of hot subdwarf stars studied with Gaia II. The Gaia DR2 catalogue of hot subluminous stars

Based on data from the ESA Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2) and several ground-based, multi-band photometry surveys we compiled an all-sky catalogue of $39\,800$ hot subluminous star candidates selected in Gaia DR2 by means of colour, absolute magnitude and reduced proper motion cuts. We expect the majority of the candidates to be hot subdwarf stars of spectral type B and O, followed by blue horizontal branch stars of late B-type (HBB), hot post-AGB stars, and central stars of planetary nebulae. The contamination by cooler stars should be about $10\%$. The catalogue is magnitude limited to Gaia $G<19\,{\rm mag}$ and covers the whole sky. Except within the Galactic plane and LMC/SMC regions, we expect the catalogue to be almost complete up to about $1.5\,{\rm kpc}$. The main purpose of this catalogue is to serve as input target list for the large-scale photometric and spectroscopic surveys which are ongoing or scheduled to start in the coming years. In the long run, securing a statistically significant sample of spectroscopically confirmed hot subluminous stars is key to advance towards a more detailed understanding of the latest stages of stellar evolution for single and binary stars.Comment: 13 pages, A&A, accepte

Palmer Amaranth Control and Sorghum Response to Tank Mixtures of Huskie

Although Huskie treatments caused significant chlorosis, the sorghum recovered fully and chlorosis did not affect yield. All tank mixes of Huskie provided good Palmer amaranth control at all rating dates. Starane NXT provided poor Palmer amaranth control at all rating dates. All tank mixes of Huskie significantly elevated yield compared to the untreated controls or Starane NXT treatments

Weed Control with Single or Sequential Herbicide Applications in Acetolactase Synthase-Tolerant Grain Sorghum

Palmer amaranth control was best when Resolve (rimsulfuron) plus Harmony GT (thifensulfuron) and Abundit Extra (glyphosate) were applied 15 days preplant fol­lowed by Zest (nicosulfuron) and atrazine postemergence, or by Zest plus atrazine alone postemergence. Palmer amaranth control was less than 80% with all other herbicide treatments. Preemergence herbicides alone provided less than 60% green foxtail control at 53 days after postemergence applications, and Zest plus atrazine alone postemergence controlled green foxtail 70%. Sequential applications of preemergence and postemer­gence herbicides were needed to provide the best green foxtail control. The relatively low weed control provided by these treatments may be partially explained by excessive precipitation and irrigation during the study

Efficacy of Lumax EZ, Atrazine, Acuron, Armezon, Sharpen, Outlook, Verdict, and Prowl H2O in Irrigated Glyphosate-Resistant Corn

All treatments provided statistically superior control of Palmer amaranth compared to the control or a single application of glyphosate. All treatments provided excellent control of all other weed species. Although all herbicide tank mixes elevated corn yield compared to the control, there were no statistically significant differences among herbicides in their ability to do so

Weed Control with Accent, Callisto, Isoxadifen, Impact, Cinch, Dicamba, and Atrazine in Irrigated Corn

Some timings and combinations of the herbicides tested in this study controlled Palmer amaranth, kochia, quinoa, Russian thistle, and green foxtail from 95 to 100% 51 days after postemergence application (DA-B). Accent (nicosulfuron) plus Callisto (mesotri­one) and isoxadifen alone postemergence provided 88% Palmer amaranth control at 51 DA-B. Kochia control was 92 and 90% when Accent plus Callisto and isoxadifen alone or with atrazine and Dicamba XP (dicamba) was applied postemergence following Cinch (S-metolachlor) preemergence application. Crabgrass control with preemergence followed by postemergence treatments exceeded 89%. Crabgrass control was 83 and 88% when no preemergence herbicide was applied prior to postemergence herbicides. No herbicide treatment increased corn yield relative to the untreated controls

Fallow Weed Control with Preemergence Applications of Balance Pro, Corvus, Banvel, Atrazine, and Authority MTZ

Atrazine alone applied in the fall was less effective for kochia and Russian thistle control than other fall- or spring-applied herbicides in early summer. In mid season, control of kochia and Russian thistle was 85% or less with all fall-applied herbicides. Banvel (dicamba) increased kochia control when added to Balance Pro (isoxaflutole), plus Autumn Super (iodosulfuron + thiencarbazone), plus atrazine applied in the spring at mid season. All other spring herbicides were similar for kochia control. Russian thistle control was similar among all spring-applied herbicides except atrazine plus Banvel

Weed Control and Crop Tolerance in Inzen Grain Sorghum with Zest Tank Mixtures

Although preemergence applications of Cinch ATZ provided excellent green foxtail control, it did not provide commercially acceptable levels of Palmer amaranth or crabgrass control. All postemergence tank mixes of Zest raised the level of control achieved by the preemergence applications of Cinch ATZ to excellent levels for these species. With the exception of the Huskie tank mix, which provided excellent Palmer amaranth control, all other postemergence programs provided only adequate control of Palmer amaranth, crabgrass, or green foxtail. Weed pressure of these species was extreme. Under conditions of extreme weed pressure, a foundation treatment of Cinch ATZ followed by a postemergence application would be needed for commercially acceptable levels of weed control

Preemergence Weed Control with FulTime NXT and Competitive Standards in Grain Sorghum

At 71 days after treatment, FulTime NXT (acetochlor + atrazine) at 2.5 or 3.0 qt/a and Lumax EZ (S-metolachlor + atrazine + mesotrione) at 2.0 qt/a were the only treatments to control Palmer amaranth at 90% or more. All treatments provided similar velvetleaf control. Green foxtail control was 75 to 83% with all rates of FulTime NXT or Lumax EZ. Sorghum receiving FulTime NXT at 2.5 or 3.0 qt/a or Lumax EZ yielded significantly more than the control treatments

Weed Control with Postemergence Applications of Status, Armezon, Atrazine, Corvus, Verdict, and Roundup PowerMax in Irrigated Corn

All postemergence herbicides provided greater than 98% control of quinoa, common sunflower, Palmer amaranth, and green foxtail. Crabgrass and Russian thistle were more difficult to control. All postemergence herbicides except Roundup PowerMax (glypho­sate) alone controlled Russian thistle and crabgrass greater than 89%. Diflexx (dicamba) plus Roundup PowerMax was slightly more efficacious on kochia than Status (diflufen­zopyr + dicamba) plus Armezon (topramezone) with atrazine and Roundup Power­Max, and all other herbicides were intermediate for kochia control. Corn yields did not differ between herbicide treatments. However, all herbicides increased grain yields

Sequential Treatments of Rimsulfuron, Mesotrione, Thifensulfuron, Balance Flexx, Cinch, Cinch ATZ, and Prowl H2O Mixtures for Weed Control in Irrigated Corn

No treatment with less than 1.5 lb/a atrazine provided commercially acceptable Palmer amaranth control. The best level of Palmer amaranth control was produced by treatments that had good preemergence control augmented by a postemergence application with two or more modes of action that contained 0.5 lb/a atrazine. All treatments provided excellent kochia control. The best Russian thistle treatments provided from 77 to 88% control. The best foxtail or crabgrass treatments provided from 91 to 94% control. Combinations of preemergence treatments followed by a postemergence treatment achieved excellent shattercane control