Türkiye'deki belirli sanayi alanlarında poliklorlu bifenillerin varlığı, dağılımı ve kaynaklarının incelenmesi.

In this study, the occurrence and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were investigated via sampling studies conducted around a thermal power plant (Seyitömer, Kütahya), a scrap metal yard (Kızılırmak, Kırıkkale), transformer repair and maintenance facility (Lake Eymir, Ankara), and two organized industrial districts (ızmit and Mersin), and 120 samples composed mainly of sediments were collected from those sites. Total PCBs ranged from not detected to 385 ng/g for all samples. Analysis of samples indicates enrichment of PCBs with special emphasis to sediments collected around the Seyitömer thermal power plant. Congener specific results indicate domination of profiles by penta- and hexa-chlorobiphenyls. Overall, the PCB concentrations observed in sampling sites are comparable to the background levels of soil/sediments around the world. To identify relevant pollution sources, congener specific data were further evaluated in the subsequent process of source apportionment using Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) receptor model. A general overview of the source apportionment results indicate that equipments (transformers and capacitors) mainly used in the energy generation/transmission and high energy consuming industries as the major PCB sources. PCBs used in open applications were also predicted as sources depending on site characteristics. Overall, indications of contaminated sites are evident in a number of locations; yet, no major contamination is evident in any media according to the current relevant national regulatory actions. However, findings of this study suggest that, over expanded time exposure, threat to the environment and human health may be of concern.Ph.D. - Doctoral Progra

Klinoptilolit kullanılarak kadmiyum giderimi : şartlandırma ve rejenerasyonun etkisi

Clinoptilolite samples obtained from two deposits in Turkey were tested for their potential in removing cadmium from aqueous solutions. Preliminary experiments in batch mode revealed inferior cadmium uptake at low pH. Particle size was found to have no effect on cadmium removal efficiency suggesting the use of exchangeable cations found in the internal/available sites. Increasing temperature yielded positive, whereas prewashing had no effect on cadmium removal using both clinoptilolite samples. The Langmuir model fitted the equilibrium data for both samples better than the Freundlich model. The capacity reached after conditioning represents about 4 and 3 fold increase for Gördes and Bigadiç samples, respectively. The relatively poor performance of Bigadiç clinoptilolite was due to low clinoptilolite/high impurity contents. Further studies were carried out only with Gördes clinoptilolite. The performance of the Gördes samples conditioned with various chemicals were NaCl>KCl>As-received>CaCl2>HCl. 20BV of NaCl solution was found to be sufficient with no pH adjustment or water quality requirement during column conditioning. In column experiments, among the tested flowrates 5, 10 and 15 BV/hr, highest flowrate indicated inferior utilization of the removal capacity. No significant difference by decreasing particle size indicated pore diffusion resistance not to be a limiting factor. In five conditioning and regeneration cycles, clinoptilolite exhibited 36% increase in operating capacity. Cadmium removed by clinoptilolite in progressing cycles was concentrated by about 7 times. Overall, this study shows that Manisa-Gördes clinoptilolite is advantageous for the removal of cadmium ions from aqueous solutions and hold great potential to be used in practical applications.M.S. - Master of Scienc

A preliminary investigation of the environmental impact of a thermal power plant in relation to PCB contamination

Purpose The most significant application of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is in transformers and capacitors. Therefore, power plants are important suspected sources for entry of PCBs into the environment. In this context, the levels and distribution of PCBs in sediment, soil, ash, and sludge samples were investigated around Seyitomer thermal power plant, Kutahya, Turkey. Moreover, identity and contribution of PCB mixtures were predicted using the chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model

Levels, Distribution, and Sources of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Sediments of Lake Eymir, Turkey

Little information is available on the occurrence and fate of persistent organic pollutants in lakes of Turkey. The present study was performed as a first step to assess the occurrence, spatial distribution, and potential sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in surface sediments of Lake Eymir located in a special protection area. I 41PCB pound concentrations range from 1.09 to 2.33 ng g(-1) in 62 sediment samples collected from the lake. The spatial homogeneity of the PCBs along the whole lake suggests the resuspension or redistribution of historic PCB contamination. A chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model was used to identify the possible sources of PCBs, for which a limited number of congeners are available for modeling purposes. Results indicated Clophen A60 to be the major PCB source in lake sediments. CMB analysis also showed the importance of a number of compounds used for the assessment of source contributions

An Assessment of the Spatial Distribution of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Contamination in Turkey

This study summarizes the relevant information regarding the spatial distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in various environmental (e.g., soil, sediment, air, water) and biological (e.g., fish, mussel, adipose tissue, milk) media in Turkey. The information sources, used for this purpose, in addition to the scientific literature, were; official import records, governmental reports on monitoring of organochlorines, and reports prepared by international organizations. PCBs were never produced in Turkey; however they were imported and used within equipment or otherwise. The number of studies conducted on the topic is increasing significantly throughout the years and especially in the last decade. Evidence of PCB pollution was compared with the available background monitoring results from the region and other parts of the world, as well as relevant legislative standards. Overall, the presence of a number of important local PCB contamination sources is indicated as a result of this assessment

Sustainable Use of Natural Zeolites in the Treatment of Wastes

Information presented here focuses on the sustainable commercial use of natural zeolites. Topics specifically covered include; (i) use of this natural mineral for remediation of contaminated sites and clean-up of spills, (ii) treatment and handling of animal/agricultural wastes considering recent climate change policies, (iii) management of wastewater treatment plant sludge to enable valuable product formation and prevention of formation of hazardous wastes. Reuse of spent zeolites and future trends in terms of their commercial use, together with potential limitations are also discussed

Assessment of temporal variation and sources of PCBs in the sediments of Mediterranean Sea, Mersin Bay, Turkey

Information on temporal distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the coastal sediments of Mediterranean Sea, Mersin was compiled using data published between 1980 and 2009, and the present study. The first congener specific PCB results from the region yield concentration levels of Sigma(41) PCBs in sediments ranging from 0.61 to 1.04 ng g(-1). Sediment profiles show penta-, hexa- and hepta-chlorobiphenyls, specifically, #149 and 153 as the most abundant congeners in all samples. Comparison of total PCB concentrations over time suggests no recent PCB input to the region. Using congener specific PCB data for the region, identity and contribution of PCB sources were also predicted using a chemical mass balance -based (CMB) receptor model. The CMB model identified Aroclor 1260 to be the major PCB source in coastal sediments. The potential sources for the PCBs were briefly discussed in terms of their use in various industrial applications

Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) Evaluation of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Sources in Sediments of Kizilirmak River, Turkey, Near a Scrap Yard

This study presents a preliminary investigation for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on surface sediments in a reach of Kizilirmak River near a scrap yard in Kirikkale, Turkey. PCB concentrations of up to 19.5 ng/g(-1) Sigma(41) were observed in sediments downstream of the yard, where profiles showed predominantly the presence of penta-and hexa-chlorobiphenyls. Specifically, #138, 149, 153, 180 were the most abundant congeners in downstream samples. In contrast, no PCBs were observable in sediments upstream of the scrap yard. The contributing PCB sources to the sediments were predicted by a chemical mass balance (CMB)-based receptor model; Aroclor 1260 was identified as the major source for these sediments. Considering that Aroclor 1260 was extensively used in old transformers and capacitors, occurrence of this PCB signature point to the scrap yard as a potential source. Release of PCBs over time as indicated by the significant concentrations observed even in surface samples emphasizes the importance of the need for better environmental management in the region

Removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions using clinoptilolite: Influence of pretreatment and regeneration

In this study, Cd removal from aqueous solutions via clinoptilolite was investigated in terms of the effect of pretreatment and regeneration. Four different chemicals (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 and HCl) were tested for this purpose. Samples treated by a total of 20 bed volume (BV) of 1 M NaCl solution prepared in tap water with no pH adjustment were found to perform satisfactorily. Five exhaustion and regeneration cycles were then carried out, revealing an increasing Cd removal capacity, coupled with constant Cd elution efficiency in progressing cycles. Furthermore, the change of pH and the presence of exchangeable (Na, K, Ca and Mg) and framework cations (Si and Al) in the aqueous phase were investigated. Subsequently, these were discussed in terms of progressive conversion of clinoptilolite to its homoionic Na-form, and the presence of different Cd removal mechanisms in the system. This study emphasizes the potential of clinoptilolite to be a part of sustainable wastewater treatment technologies, enabling the recovery of both the sorbent and the metal, via demonstration of effective Cd removal and clinoptilolite recovery, besides successful concentration of metal in the regenerant solution