Molecular Clouds as the Origin of the Fermi Gamma-Ray GeV-Excess

The so-called "GeV-excess" of the diffuse Galactic gamma-ray emission is studied with a spectral template fit based on energy spectra. The spectral templates can be obtained in a data-driven way from the gamma-ray data, which avoids the use of emissivity models to subtract the standardbackground processes from the data. Instead, one can determine these backgrounds simultaneously with any "signals" in any sky direction, including the Galactic disk and the Galactic center. Using the spectral template fit two hypothesis of the "GeV-excess" were tested: the dark matter (DM) hypothesis assuming the excess is caused by DM annihilation and the molecular cloud (MC) hypothesis assuming the "GeV-excess" is related to a depletion of gamma-rays below 2 GeV, as is directly observed in the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ). Both hypotheses provide acceptable fits, if one considers a limited field-of-view centered within 20$^\circ$ around the Galactic center and applies cuts on the energy range and/or excludes low latitudes, cuts typically applied by the proponents of the DM hypothesis. However, if one considers the whole gamma-ray sky and includes gamma-ray energies up to 100 GeV we find that the MC hypothesis is preferred over the DM hypothesis for several reasons: i) The MC hypothesis provides significantly better fits; ii) The morphology of the "GeV-excess" follows the morphology of the CO-maps, a tracer of MCs, i.e. there exists a strong "GeV-excess" in the Galactic disk also at large longitudes; iii) The massive CMZ with a rectangular field-of-view of $l \times b = 3.5^{\circ} \times 0.5^{\circ}$ shows the maximum of the energy flux per log bin in the diffuse gamma-ray spectrum at 2 GeV, i.e. the "GeV-excess", already in the raw data without any analysis. The rectangular profile contradicts the spherical morphology expected for DM annihilation.Comment: 53 pages, 8 figures (+ 42 figures in Appendices), extended version of arXiv:1610.08926 accepted for publication in PR

Trilepton Final State from Neutralino-Chargino Production in mSUGRA

The direct production of neutralino-chargino chi^0_2 chi^pm_1 pairs in the mSUGRA scenario with decays into pure trilepton final states has a significant cross section for low neutralino masses. The trilepton signature was studied with the full and fast CMS detector simulations. The 5 sigma signal can be observed in the dilepton invariant mass distribution at the integrated luminosity of L_int>30 fb^-1 for m_1/2 <180 GeV

Development of acteurs networks of publically supported start ups and their effects on the foundation success : the example of publically supported teleservice and telework centers

Das Interesse der Gründungsforschung liegt unter anderem in der Untersuchung von Wirkungsmechanismen, die den Erfolg neu gegründeter Unternehmen erklären. Offen blieb in der bisherigen Forschung allerdings eine differenzierte Betrachtung der Entwicklung von Netzwerken, die sich durch erfolgsrelevante Akteure im Gründungsprozess bilden und die einen Einfluss auf den Gründungserfolg junger Unternehmen ausüben können. Der Gründungserfolg junger Unternehmen hängt von verschiedensten Personen und Institutionen ab, die in Gründungsprozesse involviert sind. Unumstritten gehören die Gründerpersonen zu solch einem Akteursnetzwerk. Bei öffentlich geförderten Unternehmen unterstützen Förderer den Prozess z.B. anhand finanzieller Mittel. Des Weiteren müssen Kunden erreicht werden. Auch können Kooperationspartner mit den Unternehmen in Verbindung stehen. Personen oder Akteure, die mit einem neuen Unternehmen und dessen Geschäftsleitung in vertraglicher oder organisatorischer Beziehung stehen, können z.B. eine Quelle wichtiger Informationen sein oder den Zugang zu Kapital, Kunden erleichtern und somit auf den Erfolg von jungen Unternehmen einwirken. Diese in den Prozess der Unternehmensgründung involvierten Akteure und deren Beziehungen untereinander bilden das Akteursnetzwerk, das in dieser Untersuchung betrachtet wird. Folgende Forschungsfragen stehen damit bei dieser Untersuchung in Bezug auf öffentlich geförderte Unternehmen im Vordergrund: Welche Akteure haben entscheidenden Einfluss auf den Verlauf einer Unternehmensgründung und auf die Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit von neu gegründeten öffentlich geförderten Unternehmen? Welche Merkmale des Akteursnetzwerkes sind Erfolgsfaktoren bei einer Gründung von öffentlich geförderten Unternehmen? Gibt es bestimmte Netzwerkeigenschaften, die in verschiedenen Gründungsphasen für den erfolgreichen Verlauf eine besondere Bedeutung einnehmen? Auch in dieser Studie bestätigte sich, dass Gründungserfolge stark von Beziehungsqualitäten der eingebundenen Akteure abhängt. Generierte Erkenntnisse weisen allerdings darauf hin, dass weitere - bislang nicht erforschte - Netzwerkmerkmale Einfluss auf den Verlauf von Gründungsprozessen ausüben. Dazu zählen insbesondere Merkmale der Entwicklung des Netzwerkes und dessen Stabilität. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse sollten die hier thematisierten Netzwerkvariablen in zukünftige Studien der Gründungsforschung einbezogen werden, um die Erkenntnisse weiter zu überprüfen.Until now the research of the success factors for start-ups produced studies with different main emphases. An open point in research until know has been a differentiated view on the development of networks which are built up within the founding process and which maybe have an influence on the foundation success of young companies. The foundation success of young companies depends on different persons and institutions which are involved in the foundation process. Of course, the founder or entrepreneur is part of such an acteurs network. Publically funded companies are for example supported financially in the process by promoters. Customers have to be reached. Also cooperation partners can be associated with the company. Persons or acteurs which are associated contractly or organisational to a new company and its management could be an important source to get access to capital, clients and suppliers and plays an important role with regard to the success of young companies. These Acteurs with their relationships which are involved in the process of company foundation are part of the acteur network which is being researched in this study. With regard to publically funded companies the following research questions is central: Which acteurs have a decisive influence on the process of the company foundation and on the success probability of newly founded publically supported companies? Which characteristics of the acteurs network are success factors for the foundation of publically supported companies? Are there determining network characteristics in the different phases of the foundation process which have a special importance for a successful course? The empirical analysis clearly showed that the complex picture of the study relevant network was possible when including the different acteurs. It also showed that foundation success depends strongly on the quality of the relationships of the embedded acteurs. But the generated results also shows that other - rather not reseached - network characteristics have an influence on the course of the foundation process like characteristics of network development and stability. Because of these results the network variables which were isolated in this study should be integrated in former studies of foundation research

Irradiance governs exploitation of fungi: fine-tuning of carbon gain by two partially myco-heterotrophic orchids

While all members of the Orchidaceae are fully dependent on mycorrhizal fungi during their achlorophyllous juvenile stages, mature plants may remain fully myco-heterotrophic, become fully autotrophic or develop a nutritional mode where the carbon gain through photosynthesis is complemented by organic carbon from fungal partners. This so-called partial myco-heterotrophy is intriguingly complex. Current knowledge indicates a large range in the proportion of fungus-derived carbon between and within partially myco-heterotrophic plant species. However, the driving factors for this variation are so far mostly unknown. Here we show for two green species of the orchid genus Cephalanthera that light availability is the major determinant of the degree of myco-heterotrophy. Using leaf stable isotope natural abundance analysis together with time-integrated microscale light climate monitoring we could demonstrate that there is a sensitive reaction to varying light availability within forests. Low light levels result in strong myco-heterotrophy while higher irradiances successively drive the orchids towards autotrophy. Our results demonstrate that partial myco-heterotrophy in these species is not a static nutritional mode but a flexible mechanism driven by light availability which allows a balanced usage of carbon resources available in nature