Effects of Chewing Time on Gastrointestinal Discomfort, Substrate Use, and Performance During Running

Previous research has shown that food particle size affects gastric processing. For example, food particles greater than 3 mm may delay gastric emptying under certain conditions. Delays in gastric emptying can be problematic during aerobic exercise, leading to nausea, bloating, fullness, and other gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. In some cases, symptoms can be severe enough to negatively affect athletic performance. This study investigated the effects of manipulating chewing duration of carbohydrate sports bars on GI discomfort, physiological responses, and performance during endurance running. This crossover study recruited 12 male runners (age: 36.4 ± 7.2 years, VO2peak: 57.2 ± 4.7 ml/kg/min) who completed 20 (20CHEW) and 40 (40CHEW) mastication cycle treatments in a counterbalanced order. The 40CHEW treatment and 20CHEW treatment followed the same testing parameters. Participants attended three testing sessions. The initial visit required a VO2peak test, a 10-minute familiarization run at 60% VO2peak, and a performance test (10 minutes at 90% VO2peak, followed by time to exhaustion at 100% VO2peak). All testing was conducted on a treadmill. The second visit consisted of a 60-minute run at 60% VO2peak, followed by the same performance test. Each participant was fed 45 g of a sports bar in 9-g servings 30 minutes before running. During the 40CHEW trial, participants ingested 27 g of the sports bar in 9-g servings at three time points; each feeding was chewed in 40 masticatory cycles, at 1 chew per second. During the 20CHEW trial, participants performed the same testing, except the bar was chewed in 20 masticatory cycles at a rate of 1 chew per second

Self as Container? Metaphors We Lose By in Understanding Early China

As part of a trend in modern cognitive science, cognitive linguist, George Lakoff, and philosopher, Mark Johnson claim to provide a biologically-based account of subsymbolic meaningful experiences. They argue that human beings understand objects by extrapolating from their sensory motor activities and primary perceptions. Lakoff and Johnson’s writings have generated a good deal of interest among scholars of Early China because they maintain that “our common embodiment allows for common stable truths.” Although there are many grounds on which Lakoff and Johnson’s theories have been criticized, this essay focuses in particular on problems related to their schema of Self as Container. Lakoff and Johnson contend that there are no pure experiences outside of culture, while nevertheless arguing that the experience of being a closed-off container is “direct.” “The concepts OBJECT, SUBSTANCE and CONTAINER emerge directly,” they write. “We experience ourselves as entities, separate from the rest of the world—as containers with an inside and an outside.” By “emerge directly,” they do not mean emerging free of culture, but rather that some experiences within culture, specifically physical experiences, are more directly given than others. My study explores the pitfalls of presuming the “direct” experience of containment makes good sense of texts from Early China (ca. 500–100 B.C.E)

That\u27s life:An Examination of the Direct Consequences of Life-Sentence Imprisonment for Adult Males Within the Irish Prison System

Although Ireland compares relatively well in terms of international crime rates, there has been an increase in the number of prisoners serving life-sentences in the Republic. The current system for managing life-sentence prisoners in this jurisdiction is that they are likely to earn their temporary release after having served about fifteen years in prison. However, there is limited research in Ireland on the effects of imprisonment, and certainly for life-sentence prisoners, criminology in the Republic has failed to examine the issues faced by this group at all. Very little is understood about the coping mechanisms specific to life-sentence prisoners; the challenges they face in terms of their prison experience and resettlement. This paper focuses on the direct consequences of imprisonment – the psycho-sociological impact of time spent in prison and how this bears upon life-sentence prisoners‟ resettlement. These issues are tackled through examining available literature, both within Ireland and internationally and by interviewing life-sentence prisoners on temporary release in the community. The researcher has identified the issues faced by life-sentence prisoners within the prison walls; the varying coping methods employed; and resettlement experiences. It is found that although there are some common themes, the experiences of this group of prisoners can vary enormously. The study concludes that not enough is known about the challenges faced by life-sentence prisoners and considerably more research needs to be carried out

The Way of Water and Sprouts of Virtue, by Sarah Allan (Book Review)

Sarah Allan, in The Way of Water and Sprouts of Virtue, explores the premise that linguistic concepts are rooted in culturally specific imagery. Allan argues that in the process of translation the target language inevitably grafts its own imagery onto the concepts of the original language. Therefore the translation process fails to capture the range of meaning and the structural relations between terms in the original language. Allan\u27s work elaborates this point via an analysis of the metaphors related to water and plants in early Chinese philosophical thought

Grounding Language in the Senses: What the Eyes and Ears Reveal about Ming 名 (Names) in Early Chinese Texts

Scholarship on early Chinese theories of “language” regularly treats the term ming 名 (name) as the equivalent of “word.” But there is a significant difference between a “word” and a “name.”1 Moreover, while a “word” is often understood to mean a unit of language that is identifiable in its sameness across speech and writing, there is reason to believe that a ming was mainly used to mean a unit of meaningful sound.2 Analyzing the function of ming is a prerequisite for understanding early Chinese theories of “language”—if such a term is even appropriate. Such an analysis will also clarify early Chinese views of the relation of speech to a nonalphabetic script.

Sharing the Light: Representations of Women and Virtue in Early China, by Lisa Raphals (Book Review)

Lisa Raphals\u27 Sharing the Light is a useful collection of the latest available information regarding the role of women in early Chinese history. In contrast to conventional interpretations, Raphals aims to demonstrate that in early China women were not as socially constrained as later periods portrayed them. The focus and the main virtue of her work lies in collating and interpreting a significant amount of information on this topic

Critique of A.C. Graham\u27s Reconstruction of the Neo-Mohist Canons

A. C. Graham\u27s Later Mohist Logic, Ethics, and Sciences (1978) is the only Western-language translation of the obscure and textually corrupt chapters of the Mozi that purportedly constitute the foundations of ancient Chinese logic. Graham\u27s presentation and interpretation of this difficult material has been largely accepted by scholars. This article questions the soundness of Graham\u27s reconstruction of these chapters (the so-called Neo-Mohist Canons ). Upon close examination, problems are revealed in both the structure and the content of the framework Graham uses to interpret the Canons. Without a more reliable framework for interpreting the text, it seems best to remain skeptical about claims that the Canons represent evidence for the study of logic in early China

Self as Container? Metaphors We Lose By in Understanding Early Chinese Texts

My study explores the pitfalls of presuming the «direct» experience of containment makes good sense of texts from Early China (ca. 500-100 b.c.e).3 Descriptions of sensory processes in classical and non-canonical early Chinese texts do not lend themselves to being interpreted through Lakoff and Johnson’s container model. If the body is a container in their sense, the sensory faculties would have to connect the self, which they understand as an internally contained substance, to a world that is clearly delineated as outside and other. But this does not match the portrait of sensory experience in early Chinese texts and it does not account for one of their most interesting features: the absence of fear of massive sensory deception.