21,909 research outputs found
Effects of turbulent dust grain motion to interstellar chemistry
Theoretical studies have revealed that dust grains are usually moving fast
through the turbulent interstellar gas, which could have significant effects
upon interstellar chemistry by modifying grain accretion. This effect is
investigated in this work on the basis of numerical gas-grain chemical
modeling. Major features of the grain motion effect in the typical environment
of dark clouds (DC) can be summarised as follows: 1) decrease of gas-phase
(both neutral and ionic) abundances and increase of surface abundances by up to
2-3 orders of magnitude; 2) shifts of the existing chemical jumps to earlier
evolution ages for gas-phase species and to later ages for surface species by
factors of about ten; 3) a few exceptional cases in which some species turn out
to be insensitive to this effect and some other species can show opposite
behaviors too. These effects usually begin to emerge from a typical DC model
age of about 10^5 yr. The grain motion in a typical cold neutral medium (CNM)
can help overcome the Coulomb repulsive barrier to enable effective accretion
of cations onto positively charged grains. As a result, the grain motion
greatly enhances the abundances of some gas-phase and surface species by
factors up to 2-6 or more orders of magnitude in the CNM model. The grain
motion effect in a typical molecular cloud (MC) is intermediate between that of
the DC and CNM models, but with weaker strength. The grain motion is found to
be important to consider in chemical simulations of typical interstellar
medium.Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures and 2 table
Chiral structures of lander molecules on Cu(100)
Supramolecular assemblies of lander molecules (CH) on Cu(100)
are investigated with low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. The
energetically most favourable conformation of the adsorbed molecule is found to
exist in two mirror symmetric enantiomers or conformers. At low coverage, the
molecules align in enantiomerically pure chains along the chiral directions
and . The arrangement is proposed to be
mainly governed by intermolecular van-der-Waals interaction. At higher
coverages, the molecular chains arrange into chiral domains, for which a
structural model is presented.Comment: to appear in Nanotechnology vol. 15 (2004
CFD performance analysis of finned-tube CO2 gas coolers with various inlet air flow patterns
A detailed model of three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) on a finned-tube CO2 gas cooler has been developed and validated. The model is then applied to investigate the effect of uniform and mal-distribution inlet airflow profiles on the coil performance. The airflow mal-distribution velocity profiles include linear-up, linear-down and parabolic while the effected coil performance parameters contain airside pressure drop, average airside heat transfer coefficient, approach temperature and coil heating capacity. The model also enables to predict the CO2 refrigerant temperature profile along the coil pipes from refrigerant inlet to outlet at different operation conditions. The simulation results reveal that different types of inlet airflow velocity profiles have significant effects on the gas cooler performance. The uniform airflow velocity profile case shows the best thermal performance of gas cooler. Compared with the cases of linear-up and parabolic air velocity profiles, the linear-down airflow profile can influence more on the coil heat transfer performance. Due to the thermal conduction between neighbour tubes through coil fins, reversed heat transfer phenomenon exists which can be detected and simulated by the CFD model. It is predicted that the linear-down airflow profile can increase greatly the reversed heat transfer phenomenon and thus lead to the highest approach temperature and the lowest heating capacity amongst these four types of airflow profiles. The research method and outcomes presented in this paper can have great potentials to optimize the performance of a CO2 gas cooler and its associated refrigeration system
Graded reflection equation algebras and integrable Kondo impurities in the one-dimensional t-J model
Integrable Kondo impurities in two cases of the one-dimensional model
are studied by means of the boundary -graded quantum inverse
scattering method. The boundary matrices depending on the local magnetic
moments of the impurities are presented as nontrivial realizations of the
reflection equation algebras in an impurity Hilbert space. Furthermore, these
models are solved by using the algebraic Bethe ansatz method and the Bethe
ansatz equations are obtained.Comment: 14 pages, RevTe
ALMA Observations of Ethyl Formate toward Orion KL
Orion KL is one of the prime templates of astrochemical and prebiotic
chemical studies. We wish to explore more organic molecules with increasing
complexity in this region. In particular, we have searched for one of the most
complex organic molecules detected in space so far, ethyl formate
(CHOCHO). This species is the next step in chemical complexity
after the simplest member of esters (methyl formate, CHOCHO). The
mechanisms leading to its formation are still poorly known. We have used high
angular resolution ( 1.5) ALMA observations covering a
large bandwidth from 214 to 247 GHz. We have detected 82 unblended lines of
CHOCHO (49 and 33 of the trans and gauche conformers,
respectively). The line images showed that CHOCHO arises mainly
from the compact ridge and the hot core-southwest regions. The derived
rotational temperatures and column densities are 122 34 K, (0.9
0.3) 10 cm for the hot core-SW, and 103 13 K, (0.6
0.3) 10 cm for the compact ridge. The comparison
of spatial distribution and abundance ratios with chemically related molecules
(methyl formate, ethanol and formic acid) indicates that CHOCHO is
likely formed on the surface of dust grains by addition of CH to
functional-group radicals (CHOCHO) derived from methyl formate
(CHOCHO)
ArraySearch: A Web-Based Genomic Search Engine
Recent advances in microarray technologies have resulted in a flood of genomics data. This large body of accumulated data could be used as a knowledge base to help researchers interpret new experimental data. ArraySearch finds statistical correlations between newly observed gene expression profiles and the huge source of well-characterized expression signatures deposited in the public domain. A search query of a list of genes will return experiments on which the genes are significantly up- or downregulated collectively. Searches can also be conducted using gene expression signatures from new experiments. This resource will empower biological researchers with a statistical method to explore expression data from their own research by comparing it with expression signatures from a large public archive
Policy agenda for sustainable intermodal transport in China: An application of the multiple streams framework
Intermodal transport is widely believed to be an efficient way of organizing transportation activities because of its significant role in reducing logistics costs and emissions of air pollutants, which copes with the ever-increasing economic and environmental concerns. This paper applies the multiple streams framework (MSF) to analyze three streams (e.g., the problem stream, policy stream, and politics stream) in setting policy agenda for sustainable intermodal transport in China. By restricting the attention to the opening of the policy window and the coupling of the three streams, the motivation, process, and trend of formulating intermodal transport policy are systematically discussed. The findings show that the key to setting the policy agenda for sustainable intermodal transport in China is to strengthen collaboration among multiple interest groups, boost the national mood, and diversify the identity of policy entrepreneurs. This paper not only verifies the applicability of the MSF, but also helps us to better understand how sustainable intermodal transport policy is formulated in China, thus promoting future policy making
- …