Reforming the Legislation on Administrative Offences

The article is devoted to the analysis of current trends in the development of material and procedural norms of the legislation on administrative responsibility in the context of attempts to develop a new model of the code governing administrative responsibility in the Russian Federation. The complex of important problems existing in this field is investigated. The necessity of reforming the legislation on administrative offenses is substantiated, ideas and prospects for the development of a new codified act in the relevant legal industry are presented. The Authors of the article come to the conclusion that it is necessary to create the concept of an appropriate draft federal law, which allows for a balance between the constitutional principles for protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens and the simplicity and speed of the procedure of bringing perpetrators to administrative responsibility

A New Family of Fused Azolo[1,5- A[pteridines and Azolo[5,1-b]purines

The nitration of azolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amines with several nitration agents (such as acetic nitric anhydride, nitronium tetrafluoroborate, and a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid) has been investigated. It has been shown that, depending on the conditions, the nitration of pyrazolopyrimidin-7-amines bearing electron-withdrawing groups in the pyrazole ring leads to nitration products in the pyrimidine and/or pyrazole ring. The nitration of triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amines with "nitrating mixture"has been optimized, thus allowing us to obtain a series of 6-nitro[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amines, followed by their reduction into the corresponding [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-6,7-diamines (yields 86-89%). The latter have been subjected to heterocyclization by a variety of electrophilic compounds (such as CS2, glyoxal, triethyl orthoformate) with the formation of five-or six-membered annulated cycles. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 19-13-00234The research was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 19-13-00234). Analytical studies were carried out using equipment of the Center for Joint Use “Spectroscopy and Analysis of Organic Compounds” at the Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of UB RAS

Small Scale Anisotropy Predictions for the Auger Observatory

We study the small scale anisotropy signal expected at the Pierre Auger Observatory in the next 1, 5, 10, and 15 years of operation, from sources of ultra-high energy (UHE) protons. We numerically propagate UHE protons over cosmological distances using an injection spectrum and normalization that fits current data up to \sim 10^{20}\eV. We characterize possible sources of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) by their mean density in the local Universe, $\bar{\rho} = 10^{-r}$ Mpc$^{-3}$, with $r$ between 3 and 6. These densities span a wide range of extragalactic sites for UHECR sources, from common to rare galaxies or even clusters of galaxies. We simulate 100 realizations for each model and calculate the two point correlation function for events with energies above 4 \times 10^{19}\eV and above 10^{20}\eV, as specialized to the case of the Auger telescope. We find that for r\ga 4, Auger should be able to detect small scale anisotropies in the near future. Distinguishing between different source densities based on cosmic ray data alone will be more challenging than detecting a departure from isotropy and is likely to require larger statistics of events. Combining the angular distribution studies with the spectral shape around the GZK feature will also help distinguish between different source scenarios.Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures, 6 tables, submitted to JCA

On astrophysical solution to ultra high energy cosmic rays

We argue that an astrophysical solution to UHECR problem is viable. The pectral features of extragalactic protons interacting with CMB are calculated in model-independent way. Using the power-law generation spectrum $\propto E^{-\gamma_g}$ as the only assumption, we analyze four features of the proton spectrum: the GZK cutoff, dip, bump and the second dip. We found the dip, induced by electron-positron production on CMB, as the most robust feature, existing in energy range $1\times 10^{18} - 4\times 10^{19}$ eV. Its shape is stable relative to various phenomena included in calculations. The dip is well confirmed by observations of AGASA, HiRes, Fly's Eye and Yakutsk detectors. The best fit is reached at $\gamma_g =2.7$, with the allowed range 2.55 - 2.75. The dip is used for energy calibration of the detectors. After the energy calibration the fluxes and spectra of all three detectors agree perfectly, with discrepancy between AGASA and HiRes at $E> 1\times 10^{20}$ eV being not statistically significant. The agreement of the dip with observations should be considered as confirmation of UHE proton interaction with CMB. The dip has two flattenings. The high energy flattening at $E \approx 1\times 10^{19}$ eV automatically explains ankle. The low-energy flattening at $E \approx 1\times 10^{18}$ eV provides the transition to galactic cosmic rays. This transition is studied quantitatively. The UHECR sources, AGN and GRBs, are studied in a model-dependent way, and acceleration is discussed. Based on the agreement of the dip with existing data, we make the robust prediction for the spectrum at $1\times 10^{18} - 1\times 10^{20}$ eV to be measured in the nearest future by Auger detector.Comment: Revised version as published in Phys.Rev. D47 (2006) 043005 with a small additio

Disappointing model for ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays

Data of Pierre Auger Observatory show a proton-dominated chemical composition of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays spectrum at (1 - 3) EeV and a steadily heavier composition with energy increasing. In order to explain this feature we assume that (1 - 3) EeV protons are extragalactic and derive their maximum acceleration energy, E_p^{max} \simeq 4 EeV, compatible with both the spectrum and the composition. We also assume the rigidity-dependent acceleration mechanism of heavier nuclei, E_A^{max} = Z x E_p^{max}. The proposed model has rather disappointing consequences: i) no pion photo-production on CMB photons in extragalactic space and hence ii) no high-energy cosmogenic neutrino fluxes; iii) no GZK-cutoff in the spectrum; iv) no correlation with nearby sources due to nuclei deflection in the galactic magnetic fields up to highest energies.Comment: 4 pages, 7 figures, the talk presented by A. Gazizov at NPA5 Conference, April 3-8, 2011, Eilat, Israe

Synthesis of 2-arylpyrrolidines by reaction of γ-ureidoacetals with benzene-1,3,5-triol

© 2016, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.New 2,2′-(2,4,6-trihydroxybenzene-1,3-diyl)dipyrrolidine derivatives have been synthesized by reaction of benzene-1,3,5-triol (phloroglucinol) with γ-ureidoacetals in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid as catalyst

Changes of liver microstructure after partial hepatectomy in rats

Ability of mammalian liver to regenerate is one of the favorite examples of "regenerative medicine". At the same time liver regeneration can not be viewed as a simple hypertrophy, it must have some appropriate steps. Understanding of these processes is crucial for correct interpretation of liver therapy results, especially after cellular therapy. But, unfortunately, original and first-hand data regarding changes in liver microstructure during regeneration is relatively scarce. This work was dedicated to study changes of liver microstructure during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats. We analyzed proliferative processes, perisinusoidal cells involvement, sizes of classical hepatic lobules, participation of bile ducts, branches of afferent and efferent hepatic vessels in liver regeneration on 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 postoperative days. Our results have shown that liver microstructure during regeneration after partial hepatectomy undergoes two stages: hypertrophy of hepatic lobules by proliferation of liver cells until 4th day and division of hepatic lobules by branching of bile ducts, hepatic artery, portal and central veins from 4th until 7th postoperative day. © Human stem cells institute, 2013

Diffusion of Cosmic Rays in the Expanding Universe. II. Energy Spectra of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays

We consider the astrophysical implications of the diffusion equation solution for Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) in the expanding universe, obtained in paper I (V.Berezinsky & A.Gazizov, ApJ 643 (2006) 8). The UHECR spectra are calculated in a model with sources located in vertices of the cubic grid with a linear constant (source separation) d. The calculations are performed for various magnetic field configurations (B_c,l_c), where l_c is the basic scale of the turbulence and B_c is the coherent magnetic field on this scale. The main purpose of these calculations is to demonstrate the validity of the solution obtained in paper I and to compare this solution with the Syrovatsky solution used in previous works. The Syrovatsky solution must be necessarily embedded in the static cosmological model. The formal comparison of the two solutions with all parameters being fixed identically reveals the appreciable discrepancies between two spectra. These discrepancies are less if in both models the different sets of the best-fit parameters are used.Comment: 17 pages, 10 figure

Source material for breeding winter bread wheat in the north of the Middle Volga region

Background. Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), due to significant progress in breeding, has high potential of biological productivity, but its implementation is quite low. To change the situation for the better, it is necessary to increase the resistance of developed cultivars to unfavorable abiotic and biotic factors in the regions of its cultivation. To solve this problem, source material is required. The purpose of this research was to evaluate a set of winter wheat accessions from the VIR collection, and first of all, the newly introduced accessions, and the accessions from the working collection of Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences for variability of agronomic traits and stability under the conditions of the north of the Middle Volga region, and to identify sources promising for inclusion in the crossing programs.Materials and methods. A three-year field study of 166 winter bread wheat accessions was carried out. All accessions were assessed for their overwintering and plant and ear productivity traits using the methods developed by VIR and the State Variety Trials. The best accessions, or sources, were selected by comparing them with the reference cv. ‘Kazan 560’, taking into account the quantitative values of such indicators as “general adaptability” (ОАСi ), variance of “specific adaptability” (σ2САСi ) and “relative stability” (Sgi) for each accession according to A. V. Kilchevsky and L. V. Khotyleva.Results and conclusion. Descriptions of winter bread wheat accessions are presented in the context of their agronomic traits. Groups and subgroups of accessions with different trait variability levels were identified. Some accessions with stable levels of trait manifestation exceeded the reference in ear productivity. All of them are promising for wheat breeding programs. It is shown that the group of accessions “weakly changing” over the years of study differs from the group of “moderately/strongly changing” accessions in values of correlations between traits and the number of significant correlations

Edge interfaces of the Ω plates in a peak-aged Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy

The coherent edge interface structures of the relatively thin {111}Al Ω plates have been analyzed in a peak-aged Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy by atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Analysis of STEM images showed that these edge interfaces can deviate from their orthogonal orientations to the broad plate surface