CD160 serves as a negative regulator of NKT cells in acute hepatic injury

[EN] CD160 and BTLA both bind to herpes virus entry mediator. Although a negative regulatory function of BTLA in natural killer T (NKT) cell activation has been reported, whether CD160 is also involved is unclear. By analyzing CD160−/− mice and mixed bone marrow chimeras, we show that CD160 is not essential for NKT cell development. However, CD160−/− mice exhibit severe liver injury after in vivo challenge with α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer). Moreover, CD160−/− mice are more susceptible to Concanavalin A challenge, and display elevated serum AST and ALT levels, hyperactivation of NKT cells, and enhanced IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-4 production. Lastly, inhibition of BTLA by anti-BTLA mAb aggravates α-GalCer-induced hepatic injury in CD160−/− mice, suggesting that both CD160 and BTLA serve as non-overlapping negative regulators of NKT cells. Our data thus implicate CD160 as a co-inhibitory receptor that delivers antigen-dependent signals in NKT cells to dampen cytokine production during early innate immune activationSIWe thank the NIH Tetramer Core Facility for providing PBS 57 ligand loaded CD1d Tetramers. Further, we thank the staffs of Gyerim Experimental Animal Resource Center for animal care and technical assistance. K.-M. Lee was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future planning (NRF-2016M3A9B6948342, NRF- 2017R1A2B3004828, and NRF-2018M3A9D3079288). S.-J. Kim was supported by the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI-HI14C2640) grant funded by Korea Government. S.-J. Ha was supported by a grant from the NRF (NRF- 2018R1A2A1A05076997). T.-J. Kim was additionally supported by a grant from the NRF (NRF-2016R1A6A3A04009698

Correction: Bok et al. Super-Toughened Fumed-Silica-Reinforced Thiol-Epoxy Composites Containing Epoxide-Terminated Polydimethylsiloxanes. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</i> 2021, <i>22</i>, 8097

The authors wish to make the following corrections to the original publication [...

Immunotherapy targeting the obese white adipose tissue microenvironment: Focus on non-communicable diseases

Obesity triggers inflammatory responses in the microenvironment of white adipose tissue, resulting in chronic systemic inflammation and the subsequent development of non-communicable diseases, including type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and breast cancer. Current therapy approaches for obesity-induced non-communicable diseases persist in prioritizing symptom remission while frequently overlooking the criticality of targeting and alleviating inflammation at its source. Accordingly, this review highlights the importance of the microenvironment of obese white adipose tissue and the promising potential of employing immunotherapy to target it as an effective therapeutic approach for non-communicable diseases induced by obesity. Additionally, this review discusses the challenges and offers perspective about the immunotherapy targeting the microenvironment of obese white adipose tissue

Risk Management of Methane Reduction Clean Development Mechanism Projects in Rice Paddy Fields

Agriculture accounts for the largest share of anthropogenic methane emissions. Rice paddy fields emit a significant amount of methane gas worldwide. Changing paddy water management practices has an enormous potential to reduce greenhouse gases. The clean development mechanism (CDM) project uses a market mechanism to reduce methane through private participation. There are various risks associated with private investment in CDM projects, although carbon credits as an economic incentive assist in mitigating some of these risks. Farmer participation plays a key role in the success of paddy water management projects in rural areas; however, despite the significant potential to reduce global methane emissions, very few projects have been implemented. When designing a Sustainable Development Mechanism (SDM) system, it is crucial to understand why the market mechanism in the existing CDM projects has failed. This study identifies and categorizes the risks and barriers to paddy water management in CDM projects and analyzes risk management options in CDM projects in India, Indonesia, and Mozambique. The results of this study showed that aside from economic risks, barriers to the application of technology in the field pose critical risks. The lack of knowledge and implementation experiences in rural areas increases barriers to practice. This in turn causes risk of difficulties in technology transfer which can be alleviated by improving awareness and introducing new knowledge through education and training in rural project implementation. Additionally, we highlight the importance of international efforts to build governance between the private and public sectors and promote technology transfers through multi-stakeholder engagement. This study provides specific information to encourage methane reduction worldwide and vitalize rice paddy water management in carbon reduction projects

Chromobacterium violaceum delivers violacein, a hydrophobic antibiotic, to other microbes in membrane vesicles

This study describes Chromobacterium violaceum&apos;s use of extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs) to both solubilize and transport violacein to other microorganisms. Violacein is a hydrophobic bisindole with known antibiotic activities against other microorganisms. Characterization of the MVs found they carried more violacein than protein (1.37 +/- 0.19-fold), suggesting they may act as a reservoir for this compound. However, MVs are not produced in response to violacein - a Delta vioA isogenic mutant, which is incapable of making violacein, actually produced significantly more MVs (3.2-fold) than the wild-type strain. Although violacein is insoluble in water (Log P-octanol:water =3.34), 79.5% remained in the aqueous phase when it was present within the C. violaceum MVs, an increase in solubility of 1740-fold. Moreover, tests with a strain of Staphylococcus aureus showed MV-associated violacein is bactericidal, with 3.1mg/l killing 90% of S. aureus in 6h. Tests with the Delta vioA MVs found no loss in the S. aureus viability, even when its MVs were added at much higher concentrations, demonstrating violacein is the active component within the wild-type MVs. In conclusion, our study clearly demonstrates C. violaceum produces MVs and uses them as vehicles to solubilize violacein and transport this hydrophobic antibiotic to other microbes

A Phosphorofluoridate-Based Multifunctional Electrolyte Additive Enables Long Cycling of High-Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries

Ni-rich layered oxides are regarded as key componentsfor realizingpost Li-ion batteries (LIBs). However, high-valence Ni, which actsas an oxidant in deeply delithiated states, aggravates the oxidationof the electrolyte at the cathode, causing cell impedance to increase.Additionally, the leaching of transition metal (TM) ions from Ni-richcathodes by acidic compounds such as Bronsted-acidic HF producedthrough LiPF6 hydrolysis aggravates the structural instabilityof the cathode and renders the electrode-electrolyte interfaceunstable. Herein, we present a multifunctional electrolyte additive,bis(trimethylsilyl) phosphorofluoridate (BTSPFA), to attain enhancedinterfacial stability of graphite anodes and Ni-rich cathodes in Li-ioncells. BTSPFA eliminates the corrosive HF molecules by cleaving silylether bonds and enables the formation of a polar P-O- and P-F-enrichedcathode electrolyte interface (CEI) on the Ni-rich cathode. It alsopromotes the creation of a solid electrolyte interphase composed ofinorganic-rich species, which suppresses the reduction of the electrolyteduring battery operation. The synergistic effect of the HF scavengingability of BTSPFA and the stable BTSPFA-promoted CEI effectively suppressesthe TM leaching from the Ni-rich cathode while also preventing unwantedTM deposition on the anode. LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2/graphite full cells with 1 wt % BTSPFA exhibitedan enhanced discharge capacity retention of 79.8% after 500 cyclesat 1C and 45 &amp; DEG;C. These unique features of BTSPFA are useful forresolving the interfacial deterioration issue of high-capacity Ni-richcathodes paired with graphite anodes

Dynamic Variation of Rectification Observed in Supramolecular Mixed Mercaptoalkanoic Acid

Functionality in molecular electronics relies on inclusion of molecular orbital energy level within a transmission window. This can be achieved by designing the active molecule with accessible energy levels or by widening the window. While many studies have adopted the first approach, the latter is challenging because defects in the active molecular component cause low breakdown voltages. Here, it is shown that control over the packing structure of monolayer via supramolecular mixing transforms an inert molecule into a highly tunable rectifier. Binary mixed monolayer composed of alkanethiolates with and without carboxylic acid head group as a proof of concept is formed via a surface-exchange reaction. The monolayer withstands high voltages up to |4.5 V| and shows a dynamic rectification–external bias relationship in magnitude and polarity. Sub-highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) levels activated by the widened transmission window account for these observations. This work demonstrates that simple supramolecular mixing can imbue new electrical properties in electro-inactive organic molecules.Online Version of Record before inclusion in an issue. First published: 19 September 202