13 research outputs found

    Left ventricle systolic volume in vasovagal syncope patients

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    One of the hypotheses put forward concerning the mechanism of vasovagal syncope is that the vagal afferent fibres are activated during vigorous contractions against a partly empty left ventricle. The aim of the study was to confirm this hypothesis by using 2D echocardiography during a head-up tilt test. The study was carried out on 39 patients (17 male, 22 female, age range 21–64 years), all with a history of recurrent syncope. The patients were examined using a 2D echo to measure the end-diastolic and end-systolic volume before the head-up tilt test after the Westminster protocol (45min/60 grade) and every five minutes after tilting. T patients during head-up tilt test had a positive response and 32 proved negative. A reduction of both the end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes of the left ventricle was noticed. There was no significant difference in the degree of ejection fraction reduction. The difference in ejection fraction reduction between the two groups was similarly non-significant. It was also noticed that the patients with a positive response had more vigorous contractions than those with a negative test. The decision was therefore taken to use a different parameter for the left ventricle contraction, namely the LV posterior wall slope. As this parameter is partly dependent on time, its use in confirming the extremely vigorous nature of the contractions was considered appropriate. Only 6 patients were tested using this parameter. A tendency towards greater left ventricle posterior wall slope values, both before and during tilting was noticed in the group of patients with vasovagal reaction. Our data shows that vigorous contraction is probably less responsible for vasovagal syncope release than left ventricle volume reduction

    Diameters of the cavo-sinus-tricuspid area in relation to type I atrial flutter

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    Cardiac arrhythmias have troubled patients and fascinated physicians for centuries. The twentieth century was an era of progress, when the mechanism of cardiac disorders became more commonly recognised. Arrhythmias may be due to abnormalities of automaticity, to abnormalities of conduction, or to a combination of both. In order for re-entry to occur, an area of slowing conduction combined with unidirectional block must be present. Much investigation has centred on the underlying re-entry mechanisms of atrial flutter. In the light of these facts, it would seem that a close acquaintance with the detailed topography of the vena cava orifice (cavo), coronary sinus orifice (sinus) and the attachment of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve (tricupid) area could be of great interest, especially for invasive cardiologists. The research was conducted carried out on material consisting of 41 hearts of humans of both sexes from the age of 12 to 80 (6 female, 35 male). Classical macroscopic methods of anatomical evaluation were used. The following measurements were made: the shortest distance between the Eustachian valve and the attachment of the tricuspid valve on the left margin of the coronary sinus orifice (diameter 1), the distance between the attachment of the tricuspid valve and the inferior margin of the sinus orifice (diameter 2), the distance between the Eustachian valve and the attachment of the tricuspid valve on the right margin of the coronary sinus orifice (diameter 3), the distance between the inferior margin of the vena cava inferior and the attachment of the tricuspid valve (diameter 4) and, finally, the diameter between the attachment of the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve and the external border of the vena cava inferior (diameter 5). No correlation was found between the age and sex of the three groups of the material. The dimensions of the structure examined were similar in the three groups of hearts. In young adult hearts all the diameters measured ranged from 4 to 47 mm The average diameters were, respectively: 15.02 mm (diameter 1), 8.97 mm (diameter 2), 17.27 mm (diameter 3), 26.87 mm (diameter 4), 36.42 mm (diameter 5). In the mature adult hearts all the diameters measured ranged from 8 to 45 mm: 18.19 mm (diameter 1), 10.54 mm (diameter 2), 19.95 mm (diameter 3), 28.90 mm (diameter 4), 39.63 mm (diameter 5). In the older adults hearts all the diameters measured ranged from 4 to 47 mm. The average diameters were, respectively: 15.65 mm (diameter 1), 8.70 mm (diameter 2), 7.25 mm (diameter 3), 26.80 mm (diameter 4), 35.85 mm (diameter 5). On the basis of our study we were able to conclude that the diameters of the cavo-sinus-tricuspid area were constant and did not differ significantly within the three (young, mature, old) adult groups examined

    Anterior region of the atrioventricular perinodal area in relation to radiofrequency ablation procedures

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    Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia base on reentry circulation in nodal-perinodal area. The radical treatment of choice is radiofrequency ablation. Procedure approached from the anterior-superior (fast) region sufficient a few seconds of energy delivery for success, however this can result in A-V block. The possibility that arrhythmias substrate may lie very superficially (success of ablation) and damage the normal structures (complication) in the perinodal region must be considered. In order to confirm this hypothesis we examined the autopsy material of 100 normal hearts, both sexes from 18 to 105 years of age (control) and 50 hearts with A-V total block 45-95 years of age (block). We paid attention to the morphology of the nodal artery (NA), atrial inputs (AI) and transitional inputs (TI). It was observed that NA at the level of the central fibrous body was positioned in 94% in the central and in 6% in the inferior part of Koch&#8217;s triangle. It was removed from the endocardium 3-6 mm in control and 2-5 mm in block group respectively (NS). In the perinodal area we distinguished AI that directly joined the A-V compact node: superficial (right part of the interatrial septum) or deep (left part). The former occurred in 100% of controls and in 80% of block groups (NS), and the latter in 80% of control group and in 34% in block respectively (p < 0.05). The real substrate of arrhythmia in anterior-superior region lies very superficially and far from the conduction tissue; NA in examined hearts was lying deep beneath the endocardium; ablation close to the node could result in A-V block

    Preliminary study of external interatrial muscle fascicles

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    The atria are highly complex multidimensional structures composed of a heterogeneous branching network of subendocardial muscular bundles. The relief of the inner part of the right atrium includes the crista terminalis as well as multiple pectinate muscles that bridge the thinner atrial free walls and appendages. However, a handful of studies have focused attention on the role of the naturally occurring complexities of the atrial subendocardial muscle structures in the mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias. In accordance with the facts mentioned above, it was decided to examine the morphology and topography of the external interatrial junctions and related structures in order to define the possible anatomical basis of impulse propagation in focal atrial fibrillation. Research was conducted on material consisting of 15 human hearts of both sexes (female - 6, male - 9) from 18 to 82 years of age. In addition we were concerned, on the basis of the history and electrocardiograph tracings, that none of the patients had shown focal and non-focal type of atrial fibrillation. The classic macroscopic methods of anatomical evaluation were used. The walls of the atria were prepared via a stereoscopic microscope, the pericardium and fatty tissue were eliminated from the surface of the atria, visualising muscle fibres linking both of the atria, and the beginnings and the endpoints of fascicles in the right and left atrium were estimated. The structure, large muscle bundle, was present in all examined hearts. The muscle fascicle was descending from the anterior wall of the right atrium just below the orifice of the superior vena cava. The fascicle, running towards the left atrium, divided into two branches, one of which joined with the superior fascicle from the posterior wall and created one running above the interatrial septum and infiltrating into the wall of the left atrium on its superior surface between the superior pulmonary veins. The other branch of the anterior fascicle was running across the anterior wall of the atria and it penetrated into the left atrium muscle in the region of the inferior pole of the left auricle outlet. On the posterior wall of the atria three types of interatrial fascicles were distinguished: unifascicular, bifascicular and trifascicular. The bifascicular type was the most frequent configuration (9 cases - 60.0%), in 5 cases it was trifascicular (33.3%) and finally the unifascicular configuration was observed in just 1 heart (6.7%). On the basis of our study we can conclude that the external interatrial fascicles are the constant structure of the heart,although they may have a variable morphology. Those structures could be responsible for physiological conduction between the atria and may play an important role in patients with atrial fibrillation

    Trzepotanie i migotanie przedsionk贸w - bliscy przyjaciele, a tak bardzo r贸偶ni

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    Przedstawiamy opis pacjenta z napadowym migotaniem i trzepotaniem przedsionk贸w. W ramach przyczynowego leczenia trzepotania przedsionk贸w oraz hybrydowego leczenia (w po艂膮czeniu z farmakoterapi膮 antyarytmiczn膮) migotania przedsionk贸w wykonano ablacj臋 cie艣ni dolnej. Dzi臋ki niej pacjent zosta艂 ca艂kowicie wyleczony z zaburze艅 rytmu. Na tej podstawie prezentujemy wskazania do ablacji pod艂o偶a trzepotania przedsionk贸w, przybli偶amy metody tego leczenia oraz spos贸b przygotowania pacjenta do tego typu zabiegu. Nale偶y zwr贸ci膰 uwag臋 偶e trzepotanie przedsionk贸w rzadko jest podatne na farmakoterapi臋, st膮d wytyczne europejskiego i ameryka艅skich towarzystw naukowych jako &#8222;z艂oty standard&#8221; sugeruj膮 leczenie niefarmakologiczne. Forum Medycyny Rodzinnej 2008, tom 2, nr 2, 112-12

    Radio-frequency ablation as primary management of well-tolerated sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in patients with structural heart disease and left ventricular ejection fraction over 30%

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    Aims Patients with well-tolerated sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (SMVT) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) over 30% may benefit from a primary strategy of VT ablation without immediate need for a 鈥榖ack-up' implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Methods and results One hundred and sixty-six patients with structural heart disease (SHD), LVEF over 30%, and well-tolerated SMVT (no syncope) underwent primary radiofrequency ablation without ICD implantation at eight European centres. There were 139 men (84%) with mean age 62 卤 15 years and mean LVEF of 50 卤 10%. Fifty-five percent had ischaemic heart disease, 19% non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy, and 12% arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Three hundred seventy-eight similar patients were implanted with an ICD during the same period and serve as a control group. All-cause mortality was 12% (20 patients) over a mean follow-up of 32 卤 27 months. Eight patients (40%) died from non-cardiovascular causes, 8 (40%) died from non-arrhythmic cardiovascular causes, and 4 (20%) died suddenly (SD) (2.4% of the population). All-cause mortality in the control group was 12%. Twenty-seven patients (16%) had a non-fatal recurrence at a median time of 5 months, while 20 patients (12%) required an ICD, of whom 4 died (20%). Conclusion Patients with well-tolerated SMVT, SHD, and LVEF > 30% undergoing primary VT ablation without a back-up ICD had a very low rate of arrhythmic death and recurrences were generally non-fatal. These data would support a randomized clinical trial comparing this approach with others incorporating implantation of an ICD as a primary strateg

    Problemy i niepowodzenia zwi膮zane ze stosowaniem stymulacji dwukomorowej u pacjent贸w z zaawansowan膮 niewydolno艣ci膮 serca

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    Wst臋p: Stymulacja dwukomorowa (BiV) prowadzi do istotnej poprawy stanu klinicznego u chorych z zaawansowan膮 niewydolno艣ci膮 serca (CHF), jednak mo偶e wi膮za膰 si臋 z powik艂aniami zwi膮zanymi z implantacj膮 elektrody do stymulacji lewej komory (LV) z dost臋pu poprzez zatok臋 wie艅cow膮 (CS). Celem pracy by艂a ocena problem贸w i niepowodze艅 w stosowaniu stymulacji BiV w dw贸ch o艣rodkach w naszym kraju. Materia艂 i metody: Do stymulacji BiV kwalifikowano pacjent贸w z kardiomiopati膮 rozstrzeniow膮 (DCM), upo艣ledzon膮 funkcj膮 skurczow膮 LV, zaburzeniami przewodzenia 艣r贸dkomorowego i ci臋偶k膮 niewydolno艣ci膮 serca (III&#8211;IV klasa wg NYHA) lub chorych z mniej nasilon膮 CHF (NYHA II lub II/III), u kt贸rych w badaniu echokardiograficznym stwierdzono cechy mechanicznej asynchronii skurczu kom贸r. Zabiegowi poddano 92 osoby, w tym 22 zakwalifikowano do wszczepienia dwukomorowego kardiowertera-defibrylatora serca. Wyniki: Podczas zabiegu u 17 pacjent贸w wyst膮pi艂y trudno艣ci w implantacji elektrody LV: u 12 nie znaleziono uj艣cia CS, u 4 wyst膮pi艂y trudno艣ci w fiksacji elektrody LV, a u 1 &#8212; wysoki pr贸g stymulacji LV i stymulacja przepony. Z tego powodu u 6 chorych przeprowadzono kolejny zabieg, kt贸ry u 5 zako艅czono z powodzeniem,w tym u 1 zastosowano endokawitarn膮 stymulacj臋 LV z dost臋pu poprzez punkcj臋 przegrody mi臋dzyprzedsionkowej. U 2 pacjent贸w dosz艂o do tamponady serca, a u 4 stwierdzono bezobjawow膮 dyssekcj臋 CS. Zabieg przeprowadzono z powodzeniem u 80 spo艣r贸d 92 chorych (87%). W okresie 30 dni po zabiegu u 21 pacjent贸w (27%) odnotowano 22 powik艂ania, w tym u 14 os贸b (18%) by艂y one zwi膮zane z implantacj膮 elektrody w CS (dyslokacja &#8212; u 12 pacjent贸w, stymulacja nerwu przeponowego &#8212; u 1, wp艂yw proarytmiczny &#8212; u 1). U 14 os贸b konieczna by艂a reoperacja, w tym u 9 z dyslokacj膮 elektrody LV, co umo偶liwi艂o wyeliminowanie powik艂a艅 u 13 z nich. W dalszej obserwacji u 4 pacjent贸w stwierdzono nieskuteczn膮 stymulacj臋 BiV z powodu dyslokacji elektrody LV, 艣rednio 11 &plusmn; &plusmn; 6,3 miesi膮ca po zabiegu. U 1 chorego przeprowadzono skutecznie repozycj臋 elektrody LV. Ostatecznie w czasie 艣rednio 14,5 &plusmn; 10-miesi臋cznej obserwacji (1&#8211;49 miesi臋cy) stymulacj臋 BiV utrzymano u 74 os贸b (94%). Wnioski: Najcz臋stsz膮 przyczyn膮 niepowodze艅 w stosowaniu stymulacji BiV jest dyslokacja elektrody LV. Powik艂ania wyst臋puj膮 najcz臋艣ciej we wczesnym okresie pooperacyjnym. Stymulacja BiV wi膮偶e si臋 ze znacznym odsetkiem powik艂a艅 i koniecznych reoperacji, jednak u ponad 90% chorych jest mo偶liwe utrzymanie jej w czasie d艂ugoterminowej obserwacji. (Folia Cardiol. 2005; 12: 343&#8211;353

    Problemy i niepowodzenia zwi膮zane ze stosowaniem stymulacji dwukomorowej u pacjent贸w z zaawansowan膮 niewydolno艣ci膮 serca

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    Wst臋p: Stymulacja dwukomorowa (BiV) prowadzi do istotnej poprawy stanu klinicznego u chorych z zaawansowan膮 niewydolno艣ci膮 serca (CHF), jednak mo偶e wi膮za膰 si臋 z powik艂aniami zwi膮zanymi z implantacj膮 elektrody do stymulacji lewej komory (LV) z dost臋pu poprzez zatok臋 wie艅cow膮 (CS). Celem pracy by艂a ocena problem贸w i niepowodze艅 w stosowaniu stymulacji BiV w dw贸ch o艣rodkach w naszym kraju. Materia艂 i metody: Do stymulacji BiV kwalifikowano pacjent贸w z kardiomiopati膮 rozstrzeniow膮 (DCM), upo艣ledzon膮 funkcj膮 skurczow膮 LV, zaburzeniami przewodzenia 艣r贸dkomorowego i ci臋偶k膮 niewydolno艣ci膮 serca (III&#8211;IV klasa wg NYHA) lub chorych z mniej nasilon膮 CHF (NYHA II lub II/III), u kt贸rych w badaniu echokardiograficznym stwierdzono cechy mechanicznej asynchronii skurczu kom贸r. Zabiegowi poddano 92 osoby, w tym 22 zakwalifikowano do wszczepienia dwukomorowego kardiowertera-defibrylatora serca. Wyniki: Podczas zabiegu u 17 pacjent贸w wyst膮pi艂y trudno艣ci w implantacji elektrody LV: u 12 nie znaleziono uj艣cia CS, u 4 wyst膮pi艂y trudno艣ci w fiksacji elektrody LV, a u 1 &#8212; wysoki pr贸g stymulacji LV i stymulacja przepony. Z tego powodu u 6 chorych przeprowadzono kolejny zabieg, kt贸ry u 5 zako艅czono z powodzeniem,w tym u 1 zastosowano endokawitarn膮 stymulacj臋 LV z dost臋pu poprzez punkcj臋 przegrody mi臋dzyprzedsionkowej. U 2 pacjent贸w dosz艂o do tamponady serca, a u 4 stwierdzono bezobjawow膮 dyssekcj臋 CS. Zabieg przeprowadzono z powodzeniem u 80 spo艣r贸d 92 chorych (87%). W okresie 30 dni po zabiegu u 21 pacjent贸w (27%) odnotowano 22 powik艂ania, w tym u 14 os贸b (18%) by艂y one zwi膮zane z implantacj膮 elektrody w CS (dyslokacja &#8212; u 12 pacjent贸w, stymulacja nerwu przeponowego &#8212; u 1, wp艂yw proarytmiczny &#8212; u 1). U 14 os贸b konieczna by艂a reoperacja, w tym u 9 z dyslokacj膮 elektrody LV, co umo偶liwi艂o wyeliminowanie powik艂a艅 u 13 z nich. W dalszej obserwacji u 4 pacjent贸w stwierdzono nieskuteczn膮 stymulacj臋 BiV z powodu dyslokacji elektrody LV, 艣rednio 11 &plusmn; &plusmn; 6,3 miesi膮ca po zabiegu. U 1 chorego przeprowadzono skutecznie repozycj臋 elektrody LV. Ostatecznie w czasie 艣rednio 14,5 &plusmn; 10-miesi臋cznej obserwacji (1&#8211;49 miesi臋cy) stymulacj臋 BiV utrzymano u 74 os贸b (94%). Wnioski: Najcz臋stsz膮 przyczyn膮 niepowodze艅 w stosowaniu stymulacji BiV jest dyslokacja elektrody LV. Powik艂ania wyst臋puj膮 najcz臋艣ciej we wczesnym okresie pooperacyjnym. Stymulacja BiV wi膮偶e si臋 ze znacznym odsetkiem powik艂a艅 i koniecznych reoperacji, jednak u ponad 90% chorych jest mo偶liwe utrzymanie jej w czasie d艂ugoterminowej obserwacji. (Folia Cardiol. 2005; 12: 343&#8211;353

    Ocena kliniczna i elektrofizjologiczna chorych z ogniskowym migotaniem przedsionk贸w

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    Praca wykonana w: Klinika Kardiologii i Elektroterapii Serca, II Katedra Kardiologii
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