65 research outputs found
Меры по снижению вибрации в генераторах
Данная статья посвящена изучению динамических процессов происходящих в технологической системе. Основным вредным динамическим процессом является вибрация. Вибрация негативно сказывается на работе машин и механизмов, приводя к преждевременному выходу из строя технологического оборудования. В данной статье будет рассмотрено влияние вибрации на генераторы, определены условия возникновения и методы снижения
ЛАБОРАТОРНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ АНТИПАРАЗИТАРНОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ ЛЕВАМИЗОЛА ПРИ ФИЛОМЕТРОИДОЗЕ КАРПА (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758)
Objective of research: studies of efficacy of levamisole used against philometroidosis in carp in laboratory conditions. Materials and methods: Experiments were conducted on scaly carps with the body mass 300 g. spontaneously infected with Philometra lusiana. In carp the clinical signs of philometroidosis have been detected. The intensity of infection before the experiment was 10–20 parasites/fish. Carps were divided into 6 groups by 10 fish in each group. Levamisole was injected through the catheter to fishes of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 group at the doses of 100, 50, 25, 15 and 5 mg/kg, respectively with the use of 2% starch gel. Fish of the 6th group did not receive the preparation and served as controls. The efficacy of preparation was evaluated 7 days later by most-mortem examination to determine females Ph. lusiana in the scale pockets and males between the air bladder walls. Scrapes from the air bladder walls were investigated under a microscope at the 56 times magnification; the intensity and extensity of invasion were determined. Results and discussion: Levamisole is highly effective against philometroidosis in carp. The drug used at the dose 100–15 mg/kg causes death of females and males Ph. lusiana. Levamisole at the dose 5 mg/kg is not effective, at the dose 100 mg/kg may reduce the feeding activity in fish.Цель исследования – изучение эффективности левамизола при филометроидозе карпа в лабораторных условиях. Материалы и методы. Опыт проводили на чешуйчатых карпах массой тела 300 г, спонтанно инвазированных Philometra lusiana. У карпа отмечали клинические признаки филометроидоза. Интенсивность инвазии составила до опыта 10–20 экз./особь. Карпов разделили на 6 групп по 10 особей в группе. Рыбе 1, 2, 3, 4 и 5-й групп вводили через катетер левамизол в дозе соответственно 100, 50, 25, 15 и 5 мг/кг в составе 2%-ного крахмального геля. Рыба 6-й группы препарат не получала и служила контролем. Эффективность препарата учитывали через 7 суток путем вскрытия рыбы для обнаружения самок Ph. lusiana в чешуйных кармашках и самцов между оболочками плавательных пузырей. Соскобы оболочки пузыря исследовали под микроскопом при увеличении в 56 раз и определяли экстенсивность и интенсивность инвазии. Результаты и обсуждение. Левамизол высокоэффективен при филометроидозе карпов. Препарат приводит к гибели самок и самцов Ph. lusiana в дозах 100–15 мг/кг. В дозе 5 мг/кг левамизол не эффективен, в дозе 100 мг/кг вызывает снижение пищевой активности рыб.
СКРИНИНГ НОВЫХ ХИМИОТЕРАПЕВТИЧЕСКИХ СРЕДСТВ ДЛЯ БОРЬБЫ С БОЛЕЗНЯМИ РЫБ, ВЫЗЫВАЕМЫМИ ПАРАЗИТИЧЕСКИМИ ДИПЛОМОНАДИДАМИ (DIPLOMONADIDA WENYON, 1926)
Objective of research. The purpose of the study – screening of new chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of hexamita ornamental fish. Materials and methods. The test drugs were performed on juveniles of the discus Symphysodon discus a body mass of 15 g, spontaneously infested hexamitidae (Diplomonadida). 35 discus of the infected individuals were divided into 7 groups of 5 copies of the Fish 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6th groups were appointed in the composition of granulated feed, respectively pyrimethamine at a dose of 50 mg/kg albendazole – 50, fenbendazole – 50, mebendazole – 10, magnesium sulfate – 500 and metronidazole in a dose of 50 mg/kg for 5 days. Fish 7 the first group was control and received feed without the drug. The effectiveness was considered after 5 days after the last Dachi medicated feed. Fish were dissected, the intestines were isolated, which were released from the food pulp, homogenized, and were studied by optical microscopy at a magnification of 180 times. Results and discussion. The number of examined in treated fish compared with the control decreased after the application of metronidazole by 95.5 %, mebendazole – 77.8, magnesium sulfate, which is 74.5, fenbendazole – by 56.6, albendazole – 50.5 and pyrimethamine – 24.4 %. Advanced for further testing are mebendazole, magnesium sulphate, fenbendazole and albendazole. The most effective was a basic drug – metronidazole. During the test degradation of fish were noted. Food activity was moderate at the level of 2% of ichthyomass. In fish treated with metronidazole, mebendazole and magnesium sulfate, have improved the condition.Цель исследования – скрининг новых химиотерапевтических средств для лечения гексамитоза декоративных рыб. Материалы и методы. Испытание препаратов проводили на молоди дискуса Symphysodon discus массой тела 15 г, спонтанно инвазированных гексамитидами (Diplomonadida). 35 зараженных особей дискуса разделили на 7 групп по 5 экз. Рыбам 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 и 6-й групп назначали в составе гранулированного корма соответственно пириметамин в дозе 50 мг/кг, альбендазол – 50, фенбендазол – 50, мебендазол – 10, сульфат магния – 500 и метронидазол – в дозе 50 мг/кг в течение 5 сут. Рыба 7-й группы была контролем и получала корм без препарата. Эффективность препаратов учитывали через 5 сут после последней дачи лечебного корма. Рыбу вскрывали, выделяли кишечник, который освобождали от кормовых масс, гомогенизировали и микроскопировали при увеличении в 180 раз. Результаты и обсуждение. Число гексамитид у леченой рыбы по сравнению с контролем снизилось после применения метронидазола на 95,5 %, мебендазола – на 77,8, сульфата магния – на 74,5, фенбендазола – на 56,6, альбендазола – на 50,5 и пириметамина – на 24,4 %. Перспективными для дальнейших испытаний являются мебендазол, сульфат магния, фенбендазол и альбендазол. Наиболее эффективным оказался базовый препарат – метронидазол. В период испытания ухудшения состояния рыб не отмечали. Пищевая активность была умеренной, на уровне 2 % от ихтиомассы. У рыб, леченных метронидазолом, мебендазолом и сульфатом магния, улучшилось состояние здоровья
КОНВЕКТИВНЫЕ МЕТОДИКИ В ПРАКТИКЕ ПРОГРАММНОГО ГЕМОДИАЛИЗА ФНЦ ТРАНСПЛАНТОЛОГИИ И ИСКУССТВЕННЫХ ОРГАНОВ ИМЕНИ АКАДЕМИКА В.И. ШУМАКОВА: ИСТОРИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННОСТЬ
The experience of the introduction of convective methods since the eighties of the 20th century is described.Aim: to evaluate the infl uence of convective transport supplementation on renal replacement therapy results. Methods and results. The number of convective procedures was applied: hemodiafi ltration with commercial substituted fl uid, paired fi ltration dialysis, acetate-free biofi ltration, original hybrid methods, online hemodiafi ltration. Themain trend was the magnifi cation of substituted volume. In the long run after switching from conventional dialysis to convective therapy the increase of Kt/V, the decline of phosphate, the rise of serum albumin, the decrease of CRP level and ESA consumption, QOL improvement and the drop in severity of intradialysis complications were observed. Over last six years online hemodiafi ltration has become the standard of dialysis therapy in our Center.Conclusion. The undoubted advantages of convective modalities and accessibility of online hemodiafi ltration make these methods the gold standard of dialysis therapy.Описан опыт внедрения в практику программного гемодиализа конвективных методов с 80-х годов про-шлого столетия по настоящее время.Цель: оценить влияние конвективного переноса, прежде всего в рамках гемодиафильтрации «онлайн», на результаты заместительной терапии.Методы и результаты.Применены различные конвективные методики: гемодиафильтрация с использованием коммерческого замещающего раствора, парные фильтрация-диализ, безацетатная биофильтрация, оригинальные гибридные методики, гемодиафильтрация «онлайн». Основной тенденцией при этом было увеличение объема замещения за процедуру. При наблюдении в длительной перспективе после перевода со стандартного гемодиализа при использовании конвективных методик отмечалось увеличение эффективности лечения по индексу Kt/V, снижение фосфатемии, повышение концентрации альбумина, уменьшение уровня С-реактивного белка и потребности в эритропоэзтимулирующих препаратах, повышение качества жизни и снижение выраженности интрадиализной симптоматики. В течение последних 6 лет гемодиафильтрация «онлайн» стала стандартом диализного лечения в нашем учреждении.Заключение. Несомненные преимущества конвективных методик и доступность практически неограниченного объема замещающей жидкости, характеризующая гемодиафильтрацию «онлайн», делают этот метод «золотым» стандартом диализной терапии
ГЕМОТРАНСФУЗИИ В ЛЕЧЕНИИ ПОСТРАДАВШИХ: ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ТЕЧЕНИЕ ТРАВМАТИЧЕСКОЙ БОЛЕЗНИ (сообщение первое)
The acute severe blood loss is one of the leading causes of mortality of the wound disease in its first period, i.e. wound shock. The potential negative impact of blood transfusions on the course of wound disease in the wounded with acute severe blood loss is not significantly expressed. In the wounded with acute massive blood loss at the extremely severe degree the development of life threatening conditions related also to blood transfusion is mostly defined by the tactics of blood transfusion therapy in the post shock period of wound disease. Острая массивная кровопотеря остается одной из ведущих причин летальных исходов травматической болезни в ее первом периоде – периоде травматического шока. У пострадавших с острой массивной кровопотерей тяжелой степени вероятное негативное влияние гемотрансфузий на течение травматической болезни выражено незначительно. У пострадавших с острой массивной кровопотерей крайне тяжелой степени развитие жизнеугрожающих осложнений, связанных в том числе с гемотрансфузиями, преимущественно определяется тактикой гемотрансфузионной терапии в постшоковых периодах травматической болезни.
Monocyte Derived Microvesicles Deliver a Cell Death Message via Encapsulated Caspase-1
Apoptosis depends upon the activation of intracellular caspases which are classically induced by either an intrinsic (mitochondrial based) or extrinsic (cytokine) pathway. However, in the process of explaining how endotoxin activated monocytes are able to induce apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells when co-cultured, we uncovered a transcellular apoptosis inducing pathway that utilizes caspase-1 containing microvesicles. Endotoxin stimulated monocytes induce the cell death of VSMCs but this activity is found in 100,000 g pellets of cell free supernatants of these monocytes. This activity is not a direct effect of endotoxin, and is inhibited by the caspase-1 inhibitor YVADcmk but not by inhibitors of Fas-L, IL-1β and IL-18. Importantly, the apoptosis inducing activity co-purifies with 100 nm sized microvesicles as determined by TEM of the pellets. These microvesicles contain caspase-1 and caspase-1 encapsulation is required since disruption of microvesicular integrity destroys the apoptotic activity but not the caspase-1 enzymatic activity. Thus, monocytes are capable of delivering a cell death message which depends upon the release of microvesicles containing functional caspase-1. This transcellular apoptosis induction pathway describes a novel pathway for inflammation induced programmed cell death
The cytoskeleton in cell-autonomous immunity: structural determinants of host defence
Host cells use antimicrobial proteins, pathogen-restrictive compartmentalization and cell death in their defence against intracellular pathogens. Recent work has revealed that four components of the cytoskeleton — actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments and septins, which are well known for their roles in cell division, shape and movement — have important functions in innate immunity and cellular self-defence. Investigations using cellular and animal models have shown that these cytoskeletal proteins are crucial for sensing bacteria and for mobilizing effector mechanisms to eliminate them. In this Review, we highlight the emerging roles of the cytoskeleton as a structural determinant of cell-autonomous host defence
Activation of Human Monocytes by Live Borrelia burgdorferi Generates TLR2-Dependent and -Independent Responses Which Include Induction of IFN-β
It is widely believed that innate immune responses to Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) are primarily triggered by the spirochete's outer membrane lipoproteins signaling through cell surface TLR1/2. We recently challenged this notion by demonstrating that phagocytosis of live Bb by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) elicited greater production of proinflammatory cytokines than did equivalent bacterial lysates. Using whole genome microarrays, we show herein that, compared to lysates, live spirochetes elicited a more intense and much broader transcriptional response involving genes associated with diverse cellular processes; among these were IFN-β and a number of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which are not known to result from TLR2 signaling. Using isolated monocytes, we demonstrated that cell activation signals elicited by live Bb result from cell surface interactions and uptake and degradation of organisms within phagosomes. As with PBCMs, live Bb induced markedly greater transcription and secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-1β in monocytes than did lysates. Secreted IL-18, which, like IL-1β, also requires cleavage by activated caspase-1, was generated only in response to live Bb. Pro-inflammatory cytokine production by TLR2-deficient murine macrophages was only moderately diminished in response to live Bb but was drastically impaired against lysates; TLR2 deficiency had no significant effect on uptake and degradation of spirochetes. As with PBMCs, live Bb was a much more potent inducer of IFN-β and ISGs in isolated monocytes than were lysates or a synthetic TLR2 agonist. Collectively, our results indicate that the enhanced innate immune responses of monocytes following phagocytosis of live Bb have both TLR2-dependent and -independent components and that the latter induce transcription of type I IFNs and ISGs
Activation of an NLRP3 Inflammasome Restricts Mycobacterium kansasii Infection
Mycobacterium kansasii has emerged as an important nontuberculous mycobacterium pathogen, whose incidence and prevalence have been increasing in the last decade. M. kansasii can cause pulmonary tuberculosis clinically and radiographically indistinguishable from that caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Unlike the widely-studied M. tuberculosis, little is known about the innate immune response against M. kansasii infection. Although inflammasome activation plays an important role in host defense against bacterial infection, its role against atypical mycobacteria remains poorly understood. In this report, the role of inflammasome activity in THP-1 macrophages against M. kansasii infection was studied. Results indicated that viable, but not heat-killed, M. kansasii induced caspase-1-dependent IL-1β secretion in macrophages. The underlying mechanism was found to be through activation of an inflammasome containing the NLR (Nod-like receptor) family member NLRP3 and the adaptor protein ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD). Further, potassium efflux, lysosomal acidification, ROS production and cathepsin B release played a role in M. kansasii-induced inflammasome activation. Finally, the secreted IL-1β derived from caspase-1 activation was shown to restrict intracellular M. kansasii. These findings demonstrate a biological role for the NLRP3 inflammasome in host defense against M. kansasii
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