Karshomyia caulicola (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Associated with Sclerotinia-Infected Soybean in the United States and Canada

The white-mold gall midge, Karshomyia caulicola Coquillett, was documented in association with soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., infected with the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. This mycetophagous cecidomyiid appears widespread in the northern soybean producing region, with confirmed detections from Minnesota, North Dakota and Québec. Though likely not a pest of soybean plants, the presence of K. caulicola in soybean fields may complicate identification, population assessment and decision making for soybean gall midge, Resseliella maxima Gagné, which is a recently described pest of soybean. Here, we provide an overview of the known biology and distribution of K. caulicola and descriptions to aid in distinguishing these two cecidomyiids

Integrated Pest Management of Sunflower Insect Pests in the Northern Great Plains

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Soybean aphid biotype 1 genome: insights into the invasive biology and adaptive evolution of a major agricultural pest

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a serious pest of the soybean plant, Glycine max, a major world-wide agricultural crop. We assembled a de novo genome sequence of Ap. glycines Biotype 1, from a culture established shortly after this species invaded North America. 20.4% of the Ap. glycines proteome is duplicated. These in-paralogs are enriched with Gene Ontology (GO) categories mostly related to apoptosis, a possible adaptation to plant chemistry and other environmental stressors. Approximately one-third of these genes show parallel duplication in other aphids. But Ap. gossypii, its closest related species, has the lowest number of these duplicated genes. An Illumina GoldenGate assay of 2,380 SNPs was used to determine the world-wide population structure of Ap. Glycines. China and South Korean aphids are the closest to those in North America. China is the likely origin of other Asian aphid populations. The most distantly related aphids to those in North America are from Australia. The diversity of Ap. glycines in North America has decreased over time since its arrival. The genetic diversity of Ap. glycines North American population sampled shortly after its first detection in 2001 up to 2012 does not appear to correlate with geography. However, aphids collected on soybean Rag experimental varieties in Minnesota (MN), Iowa (IA), and Wisconsin (WI), closer to high density Rhamnus cathartica stands, appear to have higher capacity to colonize resistant soybean plants than aphids sampled in Ohio (OH), North Dakota (ND), and South Dakota (SD). Samples from the former states have SNP alleles with high FST values and frequencies, that overlap with genes involved in iron metabolism, a crucial metabolic pathway that may be affected by the Rag-associated soybean plant response. The Ap. glycines Biotype 1 genome will provide needed information for future analyses of mechanisms of aphid virulence and pesticide resistance as well as facilitate comparative analyses between aphids with differing natural history and host plant range