The white-mold gall midge, Karshomyia caulicola Coquillett, was documented in association with soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., infected with the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. This mycetophagous cecidomyiid appears widespread in the northern soybean producing region, with confirmed detections from Minnesota, North Dakota and Québec. Though likely not a pest of soybean plants, the presence of K. caulicola in soybean fields may complicate identification, population assessment and decision making for soybean gall midge, Resseliella maxima Gagné, which is a recently described pest of soybean. Here, we provide an overview of the known biology and distribution of K. caulicola and descriptions to aid in distinguishing these two cecidomyiids

Bartz, Mads

Calles-Torrez, Veronica

Cira, Theresa

Gagne, Raymond

Gavloski, John

Knodel, Janet

Koch, Robert L

Moisan-De Serres, Joseph

Potter, Bruce D.

English

Valparaiso University

The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 53 Numbers 1 & 2 - Spring/Summer 2020 Numbers 1 & 2 - Spring/Summer 2020 Article 9 Karshomyia caulicola (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Associated with Sclerotinia-Infected Soybean in the United States and Canada Robert L. Koch University of Minnesota, koch0125@umn.edu Bruce D. Potter University of Minnesota, bpotter@umn.edu Joseph Moisan-De Serres Joseph.Moisan-DeSerres@mapaq.gouv.qc.ca Janet Knodel janet.knodel@ndsu.edu Veronica Calles-Torrez See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle  Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Koch, Robert L.; Potter, Bruce D.; Moisan-De Serres, Joseph; Knodel, Janet; Calles-Torrez, Veronica; Gavloski, John; Cira, Theresa; Bartz, Mads; and Gagne, Raymond . "Karshomyia caulicola (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Associated with Sclerotinia-Infected Soybean in the United States and Canada," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 53 (1) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol53/iss1/9 This Scientific Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. Karshomyia caulicola (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Associated with Sclerotinia-Infected Soybean in the United States and Canada Cover Page Footnote Acknowledgements Some of the survey efforts for Resseliella maxima that resulted in detections of Karshomyia caulicola were partially supported by the North Central Soybean Program. Authors Robert L. Koch, Bruce D. Potter, Joseph Moisan-De Serres, Janet Knodel, Veronica Calles-Torrez, John Gavloski, Theresa Cira, Mads Bartz, and Raymond Gagne This scientific note is available in The Great Lakes Entomologist: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol53/iss1/9 2020 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 59This article documents the association of the white-mold gall midge, Karshomyia caulicola (Coquillett) (Diptera: Cecidomyii-dae), with soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabales: Fabaceae), and other plants infect-ed with the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae). This fungus causes the plant disease Scle-rotinia stem rot (white mold), with infected plants exhibiting growth of white, cottony mycelia and sclerotia on and in above-ground tissues (Link and Johnson 2007). Of partic-ular concern is that immature stages of K. caulicola on Sclerotinia-infected soybean plants or in soil of soybean fields could be confused for immatures of the recently described soybean gall midge, Resseliella maxima Gagné (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) (Gagné et al. 2019). Resseliella maxima is an emerging pest of soybean in the Midwest Region of the U.S. (Gagné et al. 2019). Resse-liella maxima infests the stems of soybean plants generally near the soil surface, where the larvae feed mainly on the phloem, but may eventually move to the xylem and pith (Gagné et al. 2019, Koch and Potter 2019).During surveys to determine the geo-graphic distribution of R. maxima and other scouting in soybean, larvae with a superfi-cially similar appearance to R. maxima were found on or in Sclerotinia-infected tissues of soybean plants. Cecidomyiid adults were reared under ambient laboratory conditions from larvae in Sclerotinia-infected soybean stems collected in Val-Saint-François Munic-ipality, Québec (Canada) (29 August 2018) and Ramsey County, Minnesota (U.S.) (2 August 2019). In addition, two cecidomyiid adults were collected in an emergence trap placed over the soil in a field in Stearns County, Minnesota (U.S.) (8 July 2019). In 2018, this field had a significant infestation of cecidomyiid larvae associated with Scle-rotinia-infected soybean stems. Additional cecidomyiid larvae were collected from Sclerotinia-infected soybean stems Redwood (17 September 2019), Renville (16 Septem-ber 2019) and Stearns (11 September 2019) counties in Minnesota, and in Barnes (17 September 2019), Cass (17 September 2019), LaMoure (17 September 2019), Richland (17, 20 and 29 September 2019) and Sargent (17 September 2019) counties in North Dakota Karshomyia caulicola (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Associated with Sclerotinia-Infected Soybean in the United States and CanadaRobert L. Koch1,*, Bruce D. Potter2, Joseph Moisan-De Serres3, Janet J. Knodel4,  Veronica Calles-Torrez4, John Gavloski5, Theresa Cira1, Mads Bartz1, Raymond J. Gagné61 Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 551082 Southwest Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota Extension, Lamberton, MN 561523 Laboratoire d’Expertise et de Diagnostic en Phytoprotection, Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l’Alimentation du Québec, QC, Canada4 Extension Entomology, Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Walster Hall, Fargo, ND 581025 Manitoba Agriculture, Box 1149, 65-3rd Avenue NE, Carman, MB, Canada6 Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, c/o Smithsonian Institution MRC-168, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA* Corresponding author: (e-mail: koch0125@umn.edu)AbstractThe white-mold gall midge, Karshomyia caulicola (Coquillett), (Diptera: Cecido-myiidae) was documented in association with soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., infected with the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. This mycetophagous cecidomyiid appears widespread in the northern soybean producing region, with confirmed detections from Minnesota, North Dakota (U.S.) and Québec (Canada). Though likely not a pest of soybean plants, the presence of K. caulicola in soybean fields may complicate identification, population assessment and decision making for soybean gall midge, Resseliella maxima Gagné, which is a recently described pest of soybean. Here, we provide an overview of the known biology and distribution of K. caulicola and descriptions to aid in distinguishing these two cecidomyiids.Keywords: White mold, Sclerotinia stem rot, Cecidomyiidae, gall midge1Koch et al.: Karshomyia caulicola in soybeanPublished by ValpoScholar,60 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 53, Nos. 1–2(U.S.). The above-mentioned cecidomyiid adults and larvae from Québec, Minnesota and North Dakota were determined to be K. caulicola by R. J. Gagné. Voucher specimens are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (USNM), Smithsonian In-stitution, Washington, DC (U.S.).Larvae matching the description of K. caulicola were reported (but not brought to the laboratory for identification) from Scle-rotinia-infected tissues of soybean plants in 2018 in McLeod, Sibley, Stearns, Olmsted, Ottertail and Wadena counties in Minnesota (Potter unpublished data). In 2019, more lar-vae were reported from Sclerotinia-infected tissues of soybean plants in Benton, Brown, Chippewa, Dakota, Douglas, Goodhue, Kandiyohi, Meeker, Morrison, Nicollet, Ot-tertail, Pope, Redwood, Ramsey, Sherburne, Stearns, Stevens, Wadena, Waseca and Wright counties in Minnesota (Potter and Koch unpublished data), and from Sclero-tinia-infected pepper, Capsicum annuum L. (Solenales: Solenaceae), in Val-Saint-François Municipality, Québec (Moisan-De Serres personal observation). Previously, observations were made of similar larvae in association with Sclerotinia-infected tissues of soybean, dry beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabales: Fabaceae), and canola, Bras-sica napus L. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae), in Manitoba (Canada) in 2014 and 2016 (Gavloski and Bajracharya 2016, Gavloski unpublished data), and in association with Sclerotinia-infected soybean and sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. (Asterales: Asterace-ae), in Minnesota dating back at least 25 years (Potter personal observation).These larvae associated with Sclero-tinia-infected tissues displayed a distinctly different biology than those of typical R. maxima infestations (Gagné et al. 2019, Koch and Potter 2019). Infestations of K. caulicola were seen later in the season (after soybean flowering and the onset of Sclerotin-ia stem rot), whereas R. maxima infestations are typically found as early as the third trifoliate stage growth stage of soybean. Karshomyia caulicola larvae were found inside and outside of Sclerotinia-infected soybean stems, pods and other tissues (Fig. 1), whereas R. maxima larvae are typically found under the epidermis of the stem at the base of soybean plants. Karshomyia caulicola infestations were encountered throughout soybean fields wherever Sclerotinia-infected stems are present, whereas R. maxima infes-tations have typically been most abundant near field edges that are adjacent to fields that had soybean the previous year.In the field, late instar larvae of K. caulicola displayed a generally less intense orange coloration (Fig. 1) than similarly Figure 1: Larvae of Karshomyia caulicola asso-ciated with Sclerotinia-infected soybean: larvae on mycelia on exterior of soybean pods [a], larvae inside a Sclerotinia-infected stem [b], and larvae inside a Sclerotinia-infected pod [c]. Image by T. Cira & R. Aita [a], J. Moisan-De Serres [b] and B.D. Potter [c].sized larvae of R. maxima (Gagné et al. 2019). Under close examination, larvae of these two species can be distinguished. The larval integument of K. caulicola is gener-ally smooth with minor sculpturing (Fig. 2a). The terminal abdominal segment of K. caulicola ends in two blunt lobes, one on each side, and each with four inconspicuous apical setae (Fig. 2a, b). The spatula of K. caulicola is deeply incised anteriorly and 2The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 53, No. 1 [], Art. 9https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol53/iss1/92020 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 61the lobes rounded (Fig. 2c). In contrast, the larva of R. maxima has a uniformly pebbled integument, and its terminal segment is more tapered and ends in a conspicuous pair of conical projections (Fig. 2d, e). The spatula of R. maxima is only weakly incised apically (Fig. 2f).Adults of the two species are strik-ingly different. Adults of K. caulicola have uniformly grayish antennae, wings and legs, and the abdominal tergites and sternites are very definitely subdivided horizontally (Fig. 3). In contrast, adults of R. maxima have striped antennae and legs, mottled wings, and the abdominal tergites and sternites are uniformly sclerotized (Gagné et al. 2019). The male sexual apparatus of both are dis-tinct also; that of K. caulicola was illustrated in Gagné (1973) and that of R. maxima in Gagné et al. (2019). A key to genera of adult Cecidomyiinae of North America is available (Gagné 2018) to identify other possible gall midges that might be encountered in work on soybean.The genus Karshomyia, which is comprised of 51 species worldwide, is in the tribe Karshomyiini in the subfamily Cecidomyiinae (Gagné and Jaschhof 2017). Karshomyia caulicola has also been referred to as: Diplosis caulicola Coquillett, Hiastatus concinnus Marikovskij, and Karschomyia concinna (Marikovskij) (Pakalniškis et al. 2000, Gagné and Jaschhof 2017). Karshomy-ia caulicola has a Holarctic distribution. It is widespread in Europe, with reports from the United Kingdom (Harris 2004), Netherlands (Nijveldt 1985), Germany (Meyer 1984), Russia (Marikovskij 1956), Latvia (Spungis 2003), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2000) and Ukraine (Gagné and Jaschhof 2017). In Germany, K. caulicola is reported as uni-voltine with adult flight activity occurring over a period of five months (Meyer 1984). In North America, K. caulicola was previously reported from only the U.S. state of New Hampshire (Coquillett 1895). The detections reported above, expand considerably the known North American range of K. caulicola.Karshomyia caulicola is reported as being mycetophagous (Meyer 1984), which explains the observed association with Sclerotinia-stem rot of plants. In Europe, larvae of this species have been reported from Sclerotinia-infected “stems of beans and potatoes and in the stems and pods of Figure 2: Distinguishing characters of Karshomyia caulicola larva (dorsal [a] and ventral [b] views of larval eighth and terminal abdominal segments and spatula [c]) and Resseliella maxima larva (dorsal [d] and ventral [e] views of larval eighth and terminal abdominal segments and spatula [f]). Drawings by R.J. Gagné.3Koch et al.: Karshomyia caulicola in soybeanPublished by ValpoScholar,62 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 53, Nos. 1–2winter rape” and to feed on the mycelia of such fungi (Nijveldt 1985). Similarly, the detections reported here of K. caulicola in North America were also associated with Sclerotinia-infected stems and reproductive tissues of plants. Therefore, we suspect this species is not a plant pest. However, the report of K. caulicola larvae from stems of Icelandic poppy, Papaver nudicaule L. (Ranunculales: Papaveraceae), in New Hampshire (Coquillett 1895) and “oil poppy” in the United Kingdom (Harris 2004) had no mention of Sclerotinia-stem rot or other fungal infection of the plants.Here, we provided the first documen-tation of K. caulicola associated with Scle-rotinia-infected soybean and other plants in North America, which corroborates reports of its biology from Europe. The geographic extent of the reports presented here and a report from Pierce County, Wisconsin (U.S.) (Hamilton 2019) confirm that K. caulicola is widespread. Furthermore, knowledge of the presence of this cecidomyiid in soybean refines our understanding of the geographic distribution of R. maxima, which was pre-viously confused with K. caulicola in some earlier distribution maps. The detection of adult K. caulicola in emergence cages placed in a field in 2019 that had numerous orange-colored cecidomyiid larvae in asso-ciation with Sclerotinia-infected soybean in 2018, suggests K. caulicola likely overwin-ters in the soil or plant debris in the field. Additionally, we clarify the morphological differences between K. caulicola and R. maxima to facilitate identification of these species for efforts to understand the biolo-gy of both these species in soybean fields. Figure 3: Adult of Karshomyia caulicola. Image by J. Moisan-De Serres.The presence of both cecidomyiid species in soybean may complicate identification, population assessment and decision making for the plant pest, R. maxima.AcknowledgmentsSome of the survey efforts that resulted in detections of Karshomyia caulicola were partially supported by the North Central Soybean Research Program, the Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council, and the North Dakota Soybean Council.Literature CitedCoquillett, D. W. 1895. Two dipterous insects injurious to flowers. Insect Life 7: 399–402.Gagné, R. J. 1973. A review of Karschomyia Felt with descriptions of seven new Nearctic spe-cies (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 75: 345–354.Gagné, R. J. 2018. Key to adults of North Amer-ican genera of the subfamily Cecidomyiinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Zootaxa 4392: 401–457.Gagné, R. J., and M. Jaschhof. 2017. A Catalog of Cecidomyiidae of the World. 4th Edition. 762 pp. Available from https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80420580/Gagne_2017_World_Cat_4th_ed.pdf.Gagné, R. J., J. Yukawa, A. K. Elsayed, and A. J. McMechan. 2019. A new pest species of Resseliella (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on soybean (Fabaceae) in North America with a description of the genus. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 121(2): 168–177. Available from https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.121.2.168Gavloski, J., and P. Bajracharya. 2016. Man-itoba Insect & Disease Update, issue 14 (17 August 2016). Manitoba Agriculture. Avail-able from http://www.manitoba.ca/agricul-ture/crops/seasonal-reports/insect-report-ar-chive/print,insect-report-2016-08-17.htmlHamilton, K. 2019. White mold gall midge. Wisconsin Pest Bulletin. 7 November 2019. Available from https://datcpservices.wis-consin.gov/pb/pests.jsp?categoryid=5&arti-cleid=3243&issueid=337Harris, K. M. 2004. New records of Cecidomyii-dae (Diptera) in Britain. Dipterist’s Digest 11: 33–40.Koch, R. L., and B. D. Potter. 2019. Soybean gall midge in Minnesota soybean. University of Minnesota Extension. Available from https://extension.umn.edu/soybean-pest-manage-ment/soybean-gall-midge-minnesota-soybean4The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 53, No. 1 [], Art. 9https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol53/iss1/92020 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 63Link, V., and K. B. Johnson. 2007. White mold. The plant health instructor. DOI: 10.1094/PHI-I-2007-0809-01.Marikovskij, P. I. 1956. [New gall midges (Dip-tera, Itonididae) of the USSR.] Entomolog-icheskoe Obozrenie 35: 184–195.Meyer, H. 1984. Experimentell-ökologische Untersuchungen an Gallmücken (Cecido-myiidae-Diptera) in Salzwiesenbereichen Nordwestdeutschlands. Faunistisch-Ökolo-gische Mitteilungen, supplement 5: 1–124.Nijveldt, W. 1985. Nieuwe galmuggen voor de Nederlandse fauna (IX) (Diptera: Cecidomyii-dae). Entomologische Berichten 45: 85–88.Pakalniškis, S., J. Rimšaitė, R. Sprangaus-kaitė-Bernotienė, R. Butautaitė, and S. Podėnas. 2000. Checklist of Lithuanian Diptera. Acta Zoologica Lituanica 10: 3–58.Spungis, V. 2003. A checklist of Latvian Ceci-domyiinae (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) with notes on new records. Latvijas Entomologs 40: 5–11.5Koch et al.: Karshomyia caulicola in soybeanPublished by ValpoScholar,

Karshomyia caulicola (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Associated with Sclerotinia-Infected Soybean in the United States and Canada

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Karshomyia caulicola (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Associated with Sclerotinia-Infected Soybean in the United States and Canada

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