Educomunicação e alfabetização midiática: conceitos, práticas e interlocuções

O livro organizado por Ismar de Oliveira Soares, Claudemir Edson Viana e Jurema Brasil Xavier apresenta uma série de artigos sobre o tema divididos em quatro partes: 1-Atualizando conceitos e práticas; 2-A educação midiática em diálogo com o currículo escolar; 3-A Educomunicação em interlocução com as políticas públicas; e, 4-A Educomunicação em interlocução com as políticas públicas. A obra dedica seus 24 artigos especificamente aos saberes e às práticas inerentes ao tema da alfabetização midiática. Numa perspectiva multidisciplinar, os leitores aqui encontrarão experiências alimentadas tanto pelos referenciais da mídia-educação quanto pelo paradigma da Educomunicação, que emerge dos movimentos sociais da América Latina, na confluência entre a comunicação alternativa e a educação popular freiriana, a partir dos anos de 1960 e 1970

A Nutritional Formula Enriched With Arginine, Zinc, and Antioxidants for the Healing of Pressure Ulcers

BACKGROUND: Trials on specific nutritional supplements for the treatment of pressure ulcers (PUs) have been small, inconsistent in their formulations, or unsuccessful in controlling for total supplement calorie or protein content. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether supplementation with arginine, zinc, and antioxidants within a high-calorie, high-protein formula improves PU healing. DESIGN: Multicenter, randomized, controlled, blinded trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01107197). SETTING: Long-term care and home care services. PATIENTS: 200 adult malnourished patients with stage II, III, and IV PUs. INTERVENTIONS: An energy-dense, protein-rich oral formula enriched with arginine, zinc, and antioxidants (400 mL/d) or an equal volume of an isocaloric, isonitrogenous formula for 8 weeks. MEASUREMENTS: The primary end point was the percentage of change in PU area at 8 weeks. Secondary end points included complete healing, reduction in the PU area of 40% or greater, incidence of wound infections, the total number of dressings at 8 weeks, and the percentage of change in area at 4 weeks. RESULTS: Supplementation with the enriched formula (n = 101) resulted in a greater reduction in PU area (mean reduction, 60.9% [95% CI, 54.3% to 67.5%]) than with the control formula (n = 99) (45.2% [CI, 38.4% to 52.0%]) (adjusted mean difference, 18.7% [CI, 5.7% to 31.8%]; P = 0.017). A more frequent reduction in area of 40% or greater at 8 weeks was also seen (odds ratio, 1.98 [CI, 1.12 to 3.48]; P = 0.018). No difference was found in terms of the other secondary end points. LIMITATION: Participation was restricted to patients who were malnourished, were able to drink oral supplements, and were living in long-term care institutions or receiving home care services. CONCLUSION: Among malnourished patients with PU, 8 weeks of supplementation with an oral nutritional formula enriched with arginine, zinc, and antioxidants improved PU healing

Phylogenetic Systematics, Biogeography, and Ecology of the Electric Fish Genus <i>Brachyhypopomus</i> (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes)

<div><p>A species-level phylogenetic reconstruction of the Neotropical bluntnose knifefish genus <i>Brachyhypopomus</i> (Gymnotiformes, Hypopomidae) is presented, based on 60 morphological characters, approximately 1100 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytb gene, and approximately 1000 base pairs of the nuclear rag2 gene. The phylogeny includes 28 species of <i>Brachyhypopomus</i> and nine outgroup species from nine other gymnotiform genera, including seven in the superfamily Rhamphichthyoidea (Hypopomidae and Rhamphichthyidae). Parsimony and Bayesian total evidence phylogenetic analyses confirm the monophyly of the genus, and identify nine robust species groups. Homoplastic osteological characters associated with diminutive body size and occurrence in small stream habitats, including loss of squamation and simplifications of the skeleton, appear to mislead a phylogenetic analysis based on morphological characters alone–resulting in the incorrect placing of <i>Microsternarchus</i> + <i>Racenisia</i> in a position deeply nested within <i>Brachyhypopomus</i>. Consideration of geographical distribution in light of the total evidence phylogeny indicates an origin for <i>Brachyhypopomus</i> in Greater Amazonia (the superbasin comprising the Amazon, Orinoco and major Guiana drainages), with subsequent dispersal and vicariance in peripheral basins, including the La Plata, the São Francisco, and trans-Andean basins of northwest South America and Central America. The ancestral habitat of <i>Brachyhypopomus</i> likely resembled the normoxic, low-conductivity terra firme stream system occupied by many extant species, and the genus has subsequently occupied a wide range of terra firme and floodplain habitats including low- and high-conductivity systems, and normoxic and hypoxic systems. Adaptations for impedance matching to high conductivity, and/or for air breathing in hypoxic systems have attended these habitat transitions. Several species of <i>Brachyhypopomus</i> are eurytopic with respect to habitat occupancy and these generally exhibit wider geographical ranges than stenotopic species.</p></div