Interactions between respiratory coinfecting pathogens in cattle : impact on pathogens evolution and respiratory disease complex severity

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) represents a major economic obstacle for cattle farming. BRD has multifactorial etiology, involving pathogens but also environmental and zootechnical factors. While some pathogens such as bovine respiratory syncytial virus and Mannheimia haemolytica induce severe respiratory pathology, others are more moderate such as bovine coronavirus or Pasteurella multocida. Influenza D virus (IDV) was discovered in the United States in 2011, then in France in 2014. Our work shows that its pathology is moderate under experimental conditions, while its prevalence of detection in the field is higher in sick animals. This thesis project proposes to develop ex vivo models to assess the role of viral and bacterial co-infections on the pathology induced by IDV. This project could open up innovative methods for the control of respiratory diseases

A green approach to heterogeneous catalysis with metal-loaded cross-linked polycyclodextrins

In this work, we describe the application of a new series of solid cross-linked cyclodextrin (α-, ß-, and γ-CD) based catalysts that are obtained by reticulation with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) in solutions containing Pd(II) or Cu(I) cations. Diisocyanates are efficient cross-linking agents for CDs because of their high reactivity towards hydroxyl groups. Metal content in the polyurethane-bridged CD polymers has been analyzed using ICP-MS. Pd(II) based catalysts have been successfully used in C-C couplings (Heck and Suzuki reactions), and a Cu(I) based system has been used in alkyne/azide [3+2] cycloadditions. Because metal leaching is negligible, which allows it to be recycled, and preparation is facile, this protocol is truly sustainable. As confirmed by ICP-MS analysis, the crude products do not require further purification for metal contamination. This versatile catalyst, due to its polar structure, is particularly suitable for microwave (MW)-assisted reactions that, in this study, gave the best yields in shorter reaction times. Due to their polar structure, both native CDs and cross-linked derivatives are very sensitive to dielectric heating; this effect is enhanced by the embedded cations. The design of sustainable synthetic protocols can be efficiently accomplished using a multi-faceted strategy that combines innovative solid catalysts and suitable enabling technologies

Immediate flow reserve of Y thoracic artery grafts: an intraoperative flowmetric study

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