Parents\u27 perceptions of the impact of teachers\u27 attitudes and behaviors on the social-emotional functioning of children with ADHD/ADD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD/ADD) is the most common childhood psychiatric disorder, affecting attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, in 3 to 7 percent of school age children (American Psychiatric Association, 2000; Daley and Birchwood, 2010). ADHD/ADD can impact all aspects of life, in particularly school and social-emotional functioning (Mash and Barkley, 2006; Daley and Birchwood, 2010). Few studies have directly examined teachers\u27 attitudes and behaviors related to teaching children with ADHD/ADD (Kos, Richdale, and Hay, 2006). The goal of this study was to explore the impact of teacher attitudes and behaviors on the social and emotional functioning of children with ADHD/ADD, by surveying parents of children with ADHD/ADD. Twenty-seven parents were surveyed, finding that 1) most parents felt teachers were either a little or somewhat knowledgeable of ADHD/ADD, 2) parents\u27 perceived that teachers were either irritated with their child\u27s behaviors which resulted the perception that teachers were unsupportive and blaming or that they were supportive and understanding that the child was not to blame, but still irritated, 3) parents viewed that children had decreased social functioning, but that 4) emotional functioning was not compromised as a result of teachers\u27 attitudes or behaviors. Further research needs to be completed on the attitudes and behaviors of teachers towards students with ADHD/ADD and other diagnoses without doing so through only assessing teacher knowledge of the diagnoses

A useful savagery: The invention of violence in nineteenth-century England

‘A Useful Savagery: The Invention of Violence in Nineteenth-Century England’ considers a particular configuration of attitudes toward violence that emerged in the early decades of the nineteenth century. As part of a longer-term process of emerging ‘sensibilities,’ violence was, seemingly paradoxically, ‘invented’ as a social issue while concurrently relocated in the ‘civilised’ imagination as an anti-social feature mainly of ‘savage’ working-class life. The dominant way this discourse evolved was through the creation of a narrative that defined ‘civilisation’ in opposition to the presumed ‘savagery’ of the working classes. Although the refined classes were often distanced from the physical experience of violence, concern with violence and brutality became significant parts of social commentary aimed at a middle-class readership. While stridently redefining themselves in opposition to ‘brutality,’ one of the purposes of this literature was to create a new middle class and justify the expansion of state power. By the closing decades of the nineteenth century, as the working classes adopted tenets of Victorian respectability, a proliferating number of social and psychological ‘others’ were identified against which ‘civilised’ thought could define itself

Hepatic DNA adduct dosimetry in rats fed tamoxifen:a comparison of methods

Liver homogenates from rats fed tamoxifen (TAM) in the diet were shared among four different laboratories. TAM-DNA adducts were assayed by high pressure liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ES-MS/MS), TAM-DNA chemiluminescence immunoassay (TAM-DNA CIA), and P-32-postlabeling with either thin layer (P-32-P-TLC) or liquid chromatography (P-32-P-HPLC) separation. In the first study, rats were fed a diet containing 500 p.p.m. TAM for 2 months, and the values for measurements of the (E)-alpha-(deoxyguanosin-N-2-yl)-tamoxifen (dG-N-2-TAM) adduct in replicate rat livers varied by 3.5-fold when quantified using ‘in house’ TAM-DNA standards, or other approaches where appropriate. In the second study, rats were fed 0, 50, 250 or 500 p.p.m. TAM for 2 months, and TAM-DNA values were quantified using both ‘in house’ approaches as well as a newly synthesized [N-methyl-H-3]TAM-DNA standard that was shared among all the participating groups. In the second study, the total TAM-DNA adduct values varied by 2-fold, while values for the dG-N-2-TAM varied by 2.5-fold. Ratios of dG-N-2-TAM:(E)-alpha-(deoxyguanosin-N-2-yl)-N-desmethyltamoxifen (dG-N-2-N-desmethyl-TAM) in the second study were similar to 1:1 over the range of doses examined. The study demonstrated a remarkably good agreement for TAM-DNA adduct measurements among the diverse methods employed

Chronology and Statistics : Objective Understanding of Authorial Meaning

This paper is an attempt to prove that chronology and statistics are the effective means for objective interpretation of authorial meaning. In defence of his hermeneutic theory against Eagleton’s liberal-humanistic opposition, Hirsch asserts no other object can be the norm of literary criticism than authorial meaning. One of the most useful tools for the objective detection of authorial meaning is the Sanger-Kroeber method—Sanger’s chronological study of the structure of fiction and Kroeber’s statistical quantification of formal elements. Its application to the analysis of Elizabeth Gaskell’s Mary Barton reveals that the novel’s central protagonist is the eponymous heroine, not her father as has been conventionally considered. Subjective readings will be superseded by new ones. But, readings based on objective data will not

CANCER RESEARCH 63, 8461--8465, December 1, 2003]

This study was aimed to establish whether tamoxifen binds irreversibly to uterine DNA when given to women. Patients were given a single therapeutic dose of [ C]tamoxifen citrate orally (20 mg, 0.37 or 1.85 MBq) #18 h prior to hysterectomy or breast surgery. Nonmalignant uterine tissue was separated into myometrium and endometrium. DNA and protein were isolated and bound radiolabel determined by the sensitive technique of accelerator mass spectrometry. Levels of irreversible DNA binding of tamoxifen in the endometrium of treated patients were 237 # 77 adducts/10 nucleotides (mean # SE, n # 10). In myometrial tissues, a similar extent of DNA binding was detected (492 # 112 adducts/ nucleotides). Binding of tamoxifen to endometrial and myometrial proteins was 10 # 3 and 20 # 4 fmol/mg, respectively. In breast tissue, sufficient DNA could not be extracted but protein binding was an order of magnitude higher than that seen with endometrial proteins (358 # 81 fmol/mg). These results demonstrate that after oral administration, tamoxifen forms adducts in human uterine DNA but at low numbers relative to those previously reported in women after long-term tamoxifen treatment where levels, when detected, ranged from 15,000 to 130,000 nucleotides. Our findings support the hypothesis that the low level of DNA adducts in human uterus is unlikely to be involved with endometrial cancer development