THE CASE OF U.S. MEAT EXPORTS

International Relations/Trade, Livestock Production/Industries,

One-dimensional Excitations in Superfluid 4^4He and 3^3He-4^4He Mixture Films Adsorbed in Porous Materials

A normal-fluid component varying as T$^{2}$ is observed at very low temperatures in superfluid $^4$He and $^3$He-$^4$He mixture films adsorbed in alumina powder. The normal fluid appears to arise from thermally excited third sound that has one-dimensional propagation characteristics. A Landau model of third sound excitations in an infinite cylindrical pore by Saam and Cole provides good agreement with the experimental measurements over a wide range of $^4$He and $^3$He coverages. However, it is unclear why the powder substrate can be modeled as having cylindrical pores.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures, revtex4, to appear in PR

Vortex-loop calculation of the specific heat of superfluid ^{4}He under pressure.

Vortex-loop renormalization is used to compute the specific heat of superfluid ^{4}He near the lambda point at various pressures up to 26 bars. The input parameters are the pressure dependence of T_{λ} and the superfluid density, which determine the nonuniversal parameters of the vortex core energy and core size. The results for the specific heat are found to be in good agreement with experimental data, matching the expected universal pressure dependence to within about 5%. The nonuniversal critical amplitude of the specific heat is found to be in reasonable agreement, a factor of four larger than the experiments. We point out problems with recent Gross-Pitaevskii simulations that claimed the vortex-loop percolation temperature did not match the critical temperature of the superfluid phase transition

Rapidly Quenched Kosterlitz-Thouless Superfluid Transitions

Rapidly quenched Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT) superfluid transitions are studied by solving the Fokker-Planck equation for the vortex-pair dynamics in conjunction with the KT recursion relations. Power-law decays of the vortex density at long times are found, and the results are in agreement with a scaling proposal made by Minnhagen and co-workers for the dynamical critical exponent. The superfluid density is strongly depressed after a quench, with the subsequent recovery being logarithmically slow for starting temperatures near T$_{KT}$. No evidence is found of vortices being ''created'' in a rapid quench, there is only decay of the existing thermal vortex pairs.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, revtex4, version accepted for PR

Vortex Core Size in 3^3He-4^4He films with Monolayer Superfluid 4^4He

The superfluid transition of $^3$He-$^4$He mixture films adsorbed on alumina powder is studied, with a $^4$He superfluid coverage near one layer. With up to 1.3 layers of $^3$He added, the transition becomes strongly broadened, indicating a linear increase in the vortex core size for $^3$He coverages below one layer. Annealing of the sample mixture at 4.2 K is found to be critically important in ensuring a homogeneous film across the porous substrate.Comment: 2 pages, 2 figures, accepted for LT22 Conference Proceedings, Physica

A new deep-sea pennatulacean (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Chunellidae) from the Porcupine Abyssal Plain (NE Atlantic)

During the BENGAL cruises, an important collection of deep-sea benthic organisms was sampled. Among the pennatulacean colonies, a previously undescribed species of chunellid was collected. That material is here described as the type species of a new genus, Porcupinella gen. nov. The new genus and species are described based on material collected in the Porcupine Abyssal Plain (NE Atlantic), 4,839–4,847 m in depth. This is the first time that a chunellid is reported from the Atlantic Ocean. The new genus is compared with the other genera in the family, and some phylogenetic remarks about the families Chunellidae and Umbellulidae are also provided

The Economic Effectiveness of the Cotton Checkoff Program

This report is an empirical analysis of the effectiveness of the marketing/promotion, nonagricultural research, and agricultural research activities associated with the cotton checkoff program over the period of 1986/87 through 2004/05. The analysis is based on a multi-equation, econometric, non-spatial, price equilibrium simulation model of U.S. and foreign fiber markets using annual data. The key average annual impacts of the cotton checkoff program on U.S. and foreign cotton and man-made fiber markets and their associated textile markets are reported. The results show that the returns to cotton producers as well as to cotton importers from the cotton checkoff program are positive. The average discounted benefit-cost ratios (BCR) for the cotton checkoff program were found to be 5.7 for domestic cotton producers and 14.4 for importers. The higher BCR for importers reflects revenue gains not only from additional sales of cotton fiber textiles but also from additional “spillover” sales of man-made fiber textiles prompted by the cotton checkoff program. The results also show that U.S. taxpayers are better off because the cotton checkoff program has tended to reduce government outlays directed to cotton farmers. The analysis also finds that neither U.S. producers nor importers pay the full cost of the checkoff assessments. Finally, cotton checkoff expenditures on agricultural research were found to have positively and significantly affected U.S. cotton yields with no discernible effects on cotton harvested acreage.Cotton, Cotton Checkoff, Checkoff Program, Cotton Program, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Marketing,

Is Lamb Promotion Working?

This objective of this study is to determine whether the advertising and promotion dollars collected and spent by the American Lamb Board on lamb promotion since the inception of the Lamb Checkoff Program have effectively increased lamb consumption in the United States. The main conclusion is that program has resulted in roughly 7.6 additional pounds of total lamb consumption per dollar spent on advertising and promotion and $41.59 in additional lamb sales per dollar spent on advertising and promotion.Lamb, Lamb Promotion, Livestock Production/Industries, Marketing,