8,189 research outputs found
Seven Dimensions of Portability for Language Documentation and Description
The process of documenting and describing the world's languages is undergoing
radical transformation with the rapid uptake of new digital technologies for
capture, storage, annotation and dissemination. However, uncritical adoption of
new tools and technologies is leading to resources that are difficult to reuse
and which are less portable than the conventional printed resources they
replace. We begin by reviewing current uses of software tools and digital
technologies for language documentation and description. This sheds light on
how digital language documentation and description are created and managed,
leading to an analysis of seven portability problems under the following
headings: content, format, discovery, access, citation, preservation and
rights. After characterizing each problem we provide a series of value
statements, and this provides the framework for a broad range of best practice
recommendations.Comment: 8 page
Constraints on a fine-grained AdS/CFT correspondence
For a boundary CFT to give a good approximation to the bulk flat-space
S-matrix, a number of conditions need to be satisfied: some of those are
investigated here. In particular, one would like to identify an appropriate set
of approximate asymptotic scattering states, constructed purely via boundary
data. We overview, elaborate, and simplify obstacles encountered with existing
proposals for these. Those corresponding to normalizable wavefunctions undergo
multiple interactions; we contrast this situation with that needed for a
flat-space LSZ treatment. Non-normalizable wavefunctions can have spurious
interactions, due either to power-law tails of wavepackets or to their
non-normalizable behavior, which obscure S-matrix amplitudes we wish to
extract; although in the latter case we show that such gravitational
interactions can be finite, as a result of gravitational red shift. We outline
an illustrative construction of arbitrary normalizable wavepackets from
boundary data, that also yields such spurious interactions. Another set of
non-trivial questions regard the form of unitarity relations for the bulk
S-matrix, and in particular its normalization and multi-particle cuts. These
combined constraints, together with those found earlier on boundary singularity
structure needed for bulk momentum conservation and other physical/analytic
properties, are a non-trivial collection of obstacles to surmount if a
fine-grained S-matrix, as opposed to a coarse-grained construction, is to be
defined purely from boundary data.Comment: 30 pages, 4 figures, harvmac. v2: version (finally) to appear in PRD;
with update to reflect more recent developments, and address referee comment
The flat space S-matrix from the AdS/CFT correspondence?
We investigate recovery of the bulk S-matrix from the AdS/CFT correspondence,
at large radius. It was recently argued that some of the elements of the
S-matrix might be read from CFT correlators, given a particular singularity
structure of the latter, but leaving the question of more general S-matrix
elements. Since in AdS/CFT, data must be specified on the boundary, we find
certain limitations on the corresponding bulk wavepackets and on their
localization properties. In particular, those we have found that approximately
localize have low-energy tails, and corresponding power-law tails in position
space. When their scattering is compared to that of "sharper" wavepackets
typically used in scattering theory, one finds apparently significant
differences, suggesting a possible lack of resolution via these wavepackets. We
also give arguments that construction of the sharper wavepackets may require
non-perturbative control of the boundary theory, and particular of the N^2
matrix degrees of freedom. These observations thus raise interesting questions
about what principle would guarantee the appropriate control, and about how a
boundary CFT can accurately approximate the flat space S-matrix.Comment: 26 pages. v2: typos fixed v3: minor improvements in discussio
Life-Cycle Variation in the Association between Current and Lifetime Earnings
Researchers in a variety of important economic literatures have assumed that current income variables as proxies for lifetime income variables follow the textbook errors-in-variables model. In an analysis of Social Security records containing nearly career-long earnings histories for the Health and Retirement Study sample, we find that the relationship between current and lifetime earnings departs substantially from the textbook model in ways that vary systematically over the life cycle. Our results can enable more appropriate analysis of and correction for errors-in-variables bias in a wide range of research that uses current earnings to proxy for lifetime earnings.
From HORSA huts to ROSLA blocks : the school leaving age and the school building programme in England, 1943â1972
This paper examines the connections between the school building programme in England and the raising of the school leaving age (ROSLA) from 14 to 15 in 1947 and then to 16 in 1972. These two major developments were intended to help to ensure the realisation of âsecondary education for allâ in the postwar period. The combination led in practice to severe strains in the education system as a whole, with lasting consequences for educational planning and central control. ROSLA was a key issue for the school building programme in terms of both finance and design. School building was also a significant constraint for ROSLA, which was marred by temporary expedients in building accommodation both in the 1940s with âHORSA hutsâ and in the 1970s with âROSLA blocksâ, as well as by the cheap construction of new schools that soon became unfit for purpose. Together, school building needs and ROSLA helped to stimulate pressures towards centralisation of planning that were ultimately to undermine postwar partnerships in education, from the establishment of the Ministry of Educationâs Architects and Building (A&B) Branch in 1948, through the Crowther Report of 1959 and the Newsom Report of 1963, to the assertion of central state control by the 1970s. The pressures arising from such investment and growth in education again became a key issue in the early twenty-first century with the Labour Governmentâs support for raising the participation age to 18 combined with an ambitious âBuilding Schools for the Futureâ programme. The historical and contemporary significance of these developments has tended to be neglected but is pivotal to an understanding of medium-term educational change in its broader policy and political contexts
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