Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for prevalence of metabolic syndrome and obesity according to nut intake.

<p>Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the AHA/NHLBI diagnostic criteria <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085133#pone.0085133-Grundy1" target="_blank">[4]</a>.</p><p>Obesity: BMI ≥30 kg/m²<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085133#pone.0085133-Organization1" target="_blank">[25]</a>.</p><p>Adjusted for peanut intake, age, gender, race, education (less than college, some college,</p><p>college grad+), smoking (ever or never), alcohol use (ever or never), hours of sedentary</p><p>time per day, energy, red meat, whole grain, and dairy intake.</p><p>Adjusted for tree nut intake, age, gender, race, education (less than college, some college, college grad+), smoking (ever or never), alcohol use (ever or never), hours of sedentary time per day, energy intake, red meat, whole grain, and dairy intake.</p

Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) relating obesity and metabolic syndrome risk factors according to type of nut intake.

<p>Multivariable logistic analysis was adjusted for age, gender, race, education (less than college, some college, college grad+), cigarette use (ever or never), alcohol use (ever or never), hours of sedentary time per day, energy, red meat, whole grain, and dairy intake.</p><p>Abdominal obesity: waist circumference ≥102 cm (≥40 inches) in men, ≥88 cm (≥35 inches) in women; hypertriglyceridemia: TG: ≥150 mg/dL (≥1.7 mmol/L) or drug treatment for elevated TG; low HDL-C: <40 mg/dL (<1.03 mmol/L) in men, <50 mg/dL (<1.3 mmol/L) in women, or drug treatment of reduced HDL-C; high blood pressure: BP: ≥130 mm Hg systolic BP, or ≥85 mm Hg diastolic BP, or drug treatment of hypertension; hyperglycemia: fasting glucose: ≥100 mg/dL or drug treatment for elevated glucose <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085133#pone.0085133-Grundy1" target="_blank">[4]</a>.</p

Unadjusted means and proportions of selected participant characteristics according to type of nut intake.

<p>Kruskal-Wallis test was used in the analysis of non-normally distributed variables.</p><p>One-way ANOVA was used in the analysis.</p><p>Chi-square test was used in the analysis.</p

Prevalence (%) of metabolic syndrome and obesity according to type of nuts consumed.

<p>Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the AHS/NHLBI diagnostic criteria <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085133#pone.0085133-Grundy1" target="_blank">[4]</a>; obesity: BMI ≥30 kg/m²<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085133#pone.0085133-JaceldoSiegl1" target="_blank">[22]</a>. Chi-square test was used to determine differences in prevalence by type of nuts consumed: no fill (low tree nut/low peanut), vertical (low tree nut/high peanut), black fill (high tree nut/high peanut), horizontal (high tree nut/low peanut).</p

Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for risk of death according to BMI category (40.0–59.9 versus 18.5–24.9 kg/m²) or continuous values of BMI between 40.0 and 59.9 kg/m² (per 5 kg/m²): subgroup analyses.

<p>*Calculated by including a cross-product term between the subgroup variable and BMI (40.0–59.9 versus 18.5–24.9 kg/m²); subgroup analyses for attained age and calendar year were stratified by follow-up period.</p>a<p>Models use attained age as the underlying time metric, and are adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity (white [all participants in the Swedish and Australian cohorts were coded as white], black, Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, other/unknown), education (high school or less, post–high school, college, unknown), alcohol intake (grams of ethanol per day: 0, >0 to <10, ≥10, unknown), physical activity level (cohort-specific tertiles corresponding to low, medium, and high), and study.</p>b<p>Models excluded participants who entered the study at or after age 65 y; follow-up time was censored at age at study exit (due to loss to follow-up, death, or administrative end date) or age 65 y, whichever came first.</p>c<p>Models excluded participants who exited the study at or before age 65 y; follow-up began at age 65 y for those who entered the study before age 65 y.</p>d<p>Models excluded participants who entered the study on or after the year 2000; follow-up time was censored at study exit (due to loss to follow-up, death, or administrative end date) or the year 2000, whichever came first.</p>e<p>Models excluded participants who exited the study on or before the year 2000; follow-up began in the year 2000 for those who entered the study before the year 2000.</p

Description of participants with BMI in the normal-weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m²) and class III obesity (40.0–59.0 kg/m²) range, by cohort.

<p>Description of participants with BMI in the normal-weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m²) and class III obesity (40.0–59.0 kg/m²) range, by cohort.</p

Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for risk of death by BMI category.

a<p>Models use attained age as the underlying time metric and were adjusted for sex and study.</p>b<p>Models use attained age as the underlying time metric, and are adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity (white [all participants in the Swedish and Australian cohorts were coded as white], black, Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, other/unknown), education (high school or less, post–high school, college, unknown), alcohol intake (grams of ethanol per day: 0, >0 to <10, ≥10, unknown), physical activity level (cohort-specific tertiles corresponding to low, medium, and high), and study.</p>c<p>Using BMI = 40.0–44.9 kg/m² as the reference group.</p

Age-adjusted cause-specific mortality rates (number of deaths per 100,000 persons per year) by BMI category.

<p>Mortality rates were age-standardized using the age distribution of adults aged 20–84 y in the 2000 US census population; not shown if calculations based on fewer than five deaths in the BMI 40.0–59.9 kg/m² group.</p><p>*<i>p</i><0.05;</p><p>** <i>p</i><0.001.</p><p>ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision; n/a, not applicable.</p