Spruce Budworm Egg Mass Density on Balsam Fir and White Spruce: Low Population Levels (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

As part of a study to develop improved foliage sampling methods for spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), egg masses, two balsam fir (four in one stand), Abies balsamea, and two white spruce, Picea glauca, trees were chosen from each of five spruce- fir stands in Michigan\u27s Upper Peninsula in 1980. All stands had very low to low population densities. Each tree was completely enumerated so that the number of new egg masses, foliage surface area, and egg mass density could be determined for the entire tree, three crown classes, four quadrants, and the tree top. Results indicated (1) considerable tree-to- tree and stand-to-stand variation; (2) no meaningful or consistent differences among quad- rants within or between species; (3) the average density in white spruce trees was 3.2 times larger than that in balsam fir trees; (4) the tree-la-tree variation of density in white spruce trees was 8.4 times larger than that in balsam fir trees; (5) densities in the mid-crown, upper-crown, and tree top are considerably higher than that in the lower-crown for both species; the relative differences for balsam fir are about twice that of white spruce; and (6) on the average, density at mid-crown was close to that of the entire tree for balsam fir, but density at mid-crown was 17.9% lower than that of the entire tree for white spruce. These results have important implications to the development of sampling plans for estimating egg mass density in spruce-fir stands

Framework for Understanding the Legal Structure of Texas Public Schools

Texas public school stakeholders consist primarily of students, parents, faculty and staff, administrators, school board members, business leaders, community members, and taxpayers. While each of these stakeholders has a vested interest in the local school district, many fail to understand how public schools came into existence and the legal rationale upon which they operate. The problem lies in the structural complexity of schools, which is prohibitive to a complete understanding by its entire constituency. While the multiple layers of politics and numerous laws and policies that define the Texas public school structure may be necessary for proper operation, the intricacy further exacerbates the ability of many to fully comprehend it. The purpose of this study was to create a framework for understanding the legal structure of Texas public schools to facilitate a more complete understanding by all constituents

Regression Equations and Table for Estimating Numbers of Eggs in Jack Pine Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Egg Masses in Michigan

Three simple linear regression equations were developed to estimate the numbers of eggs in jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus, egg masses in Michigan. One equation was developed for each of 2-row, 2-row +, and 3-row egg masses. A table of estimated numbers of eggs per egg mass is given for each of the three row types for egg mass lengths from 1 to 25 nun