16 research outputs found
Quantitative Transient Absorption Measurements of Polaron Yield and Absorption Coefficient in Neat Conjugated Polymers
Transient absorption methods are
crucial for probing photogenerated
polaron dynamics in conjugated polymers but are usually limited to
qualitative studies because the polaron absorption coefficient is
unknown. Herein, we quantify polaron absorption coefficients by exploiting
the parasitic excitonâpolaron quenching process, which appears
in transient absorption experiments as a decrease in polaron yield
at high fluence. We modulate the charge density in neat polymer films
and measure the excitonâpolaron quenching rate constant and
dopant density via time-resolved photoluminescence. Using these parameters,
we fit relative yieldâfluence curves obtained from transient
absorption, quantifying the yield and absorption coefficient of the
polarons. We use time-resolved microwave conductivity as the transient
probe and present results for the GHz mobility and polaron yield in
films of three common conjugated polymers that are consistent with
previous reports where they exist. These experiments demonstrate a
new, generally accessible spectroscopic method for quantitative study
of polaron dynamics in conjugated polymers
Resonance Energy Transfer Enables Efficient Planar Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells
Poor energy transport in disordered
organic materials is one of
the key problems that must be overcome to produce efficient organic
solar cells. Usually, this is accomplished by blending the donor and
acceptor molecules into a bulk heterojunction. In this article, we
investigate an alternative approach to cell design: planar mulitilayer
hetrojunctions with efficient energy transport to a central reaction
center. We use an experimentally verified Monte Carlo model of energy
transport to show that an appropriately engineered planar multilayer
stack can achieve power conversion efficiencies comparable to those
of the best bulk heterojunction devices. The key to this surprising
performance is careful control of the optical properties and thicknesses
of each layer to promote FoĚrster resonance energy transfer
from antenna/transport layers to a central reaction center. We provide
detailed design rules for fabricating efficient planar heterojunction
organic cells
Photoinduced Carrier Generation and Recombination Dynamics of a Trilayer Cascade Heterojunction Composed of Poly(3-hexylthiophene), Titanyl Phthalocyanine, and C<sub>60</sub>
We
use flash-photolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity experiments
(<i>FP</i>-TRMC) and femtosecondânanosecond pumpâprobe
transient absorption spectroscopy to investigate photoinduced carrier
generation and recombination dynamics of a trilayer cascade heterojunction
composed of polyÂ(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), titanyl phthalocyanine
(TiOPc), and fullerene (C<sub>60</sub>). Carrier generation following
selective photoexcitation of TiOPc is independently observed at both
the P3HT/TiOPc and TiOPc/C<sub>60</sub> interfaces. The transient
absorption results indicate that following initial charge generation
processes to produce P3HT<sup>â˘+</sup>/TiOPc<sup>â˘â</sup> and TiOPc<sup>â˘+</sup>/C<sub>60</sub><sup>â˘â</sup> at each interface from (P3HT/TiOPc*/C<sub>60</sub>), the final charge-separated
product of (P3HT<sup>â˘+</sup>/TiOPc/C<sub>60</sub><sup>â˘â</sup>) is responsible for the long-lived photoconductance signals in <i>FP</i>-TRMC. At the P3HT/TiOPc interface in both P3HT/TiOPc
and P3HT/TiOPc/C<sub>60</sub> samples, the electron transfer appears
to occur only with the crystalline (weakly coupled H-aggregate) phase
of the P3HT
Delocalization Drives Free Charge Generation in Conjugated Polymer Films
We
demonstrate that the product of photoinduced electron transfer
between a conjugated polymer host and a dilute molecular sensitizer
is controlled by the structural state of the polymer. Ordered semicrystalline
solids exhibit free charge generation, while disordered polymers in
the melt phase do not. We use photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved
microwave conductivity (TRMC) measurements to sweep through polymer
melt transitions in situ. Free charge generation measured by TRMC
turns off upon melting, whereas PL quenching of the molecular sensitizers
remains constant, implying unchanged electron transfer efficiency.
The key difference is the intermolecular order of the polymer host
in the solid state compared to the melt. We propose that this orderâdisorder
transition modulates the localization length of the initial charge-transfer
state, which controls the probability of free charge formation
Missing Excitons: How Energy Transfer Competes with Free Charge Generation in Dilute-Donor/Acceptor Systems
Energy transfer across the donorâacceptor
interface
in organic
photovoltaics is usually beneficial to device performance, as it assists
energy transport to the site of free charge generation. Here, we present
a case where the opposite is true: dilute donor molecules in an acceptor
host matrix exhibit ultrafast excitation energy transfer (EET) to
the host, which suppresses the free charge yield. We observe an optimal
photochemical driving force for free charge generation, as detected
via time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC), but with a low yield
when the sensitizer is excited. Meanwhile, transient absorption shows
that transferred excitons efficiently produce charge-transfer states.
This behavior is well described by a competition for the excited state
between long-range electron transfer that produces free charge and
EET that ultimately produces only localized charge-transfer states.
It cannot be explained if the most localized CT states are the intermediate
between excitons and the free charge in this system
Excited-State Electronic Properties in Zr-Based MetalâOrganic Frameworks as a Function of a Topological Network
Molecular assemblies in metalâorganic
frameworks (MOFs)
are reminiscent of natural light-harvesting (LH) systems and considered
as emerging materials for energy conversion. Such applications require
understanding the correlation between their excited-state properties
and underlying topological net. Two chemically identical but topologically
different tetraphenylpyrene (1,3,6,8-tetrakisÂ(<i>p</i>-benzoicacid)Âpyrene;
H<sub>4</sub>TBAPy)-based Zr<sup>IV</sup> MOFs, NU-901 (<b><i>scu</i></b>) and NU-1000 (<b><i>csq</i></b>), are chosen to computationally and spectroscopically interrogate
the impact of topological difference on their excited-state electronic
structures. Time-dependent density functional theory-computed transition
density matrices for selected model compounds reveal that the optically
relevant S<sub>1</sub>, S<sub>2</sub>, and S<sub><i>n</i></sub> states are delocalized over more than four TBAPy linkers with
a maximum exciton size of âź1.7 nm (i.e., two neighboring TBAPy
linkers). Computational data further suggests the evolution of polar
excitons (hole and electron residing in two different linkers); their
oscillator strengths vary with the extent of interchromophoric interaction
depending on their topological network. Femtosecond transient absorption
(fs-TA) spectroscopic data of NU-901 highlight instantaneous spectral
evolution of an intense S<sub>1</sub> â S<sub><i>n</i></sub> transition at 750 nm, which diminishes with the emergence
of a broad (580â1100 nm) induced absorption originating from
a fast excimer formation. Although these ultrafast spectroscopic data
reveal the first direct spectral observation of fast excimer formation
(Ď = 2 ps) in MOFs, the fs-TA features seen in NU-901 are clearly
absent in NU-1000 and the free H<sub>4</sub>TBAPy linker. Furthermore,
transient and steady-state fluorescence data collected as a function
of solvent dielectrics reveal that the emissive states in both MOF
samples are electronically nonpolar; however, low-lying polar excited
states may get involved in the excited-state decay processes in polar
solvents. The present work shows that the topological arrangement
of the linkers critically controls the excited-state electronic structures
Confirmation of K-Momentum Dark Exciton Vibronic Sidebands Using <sup>13</sup>C-labeled, Highly Enriched (6,5) Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes
A detailed knowledge of the manifold of both bright and
dark excitons
in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is critical to understanding
radiative and nonradiative recombination processes. Excitonâphonon
coupling opens up additional absorption and emission channels, some
of which may âbrightenâ the sidebands of optically forbidden
(dark) excitonic transitions in optical spectra. In this report, we
compare <sup>12</sup>C and <sup>13</sup>C-labeled SWCNTs that are
highly enriched in the (6,5) species to identify both absorptive and
emissive vibronic transitions. We find two vibronic sidebands near
the bright <sup>1</sup>E<sub>11</sub> singlet exciton, one absorptive
sideband âź200 meV above, and one emissive sideband âź140
meV below, the bright singlet exciton. Both sidebands demonstrate
a âź50 cm<sup>â1</sup> isotope-induced shift, which is
commensurate with excitonâphonon coupling involving phonons
of A<sub>1</sub><sup>â˛</sup> symmetry (D band, Ď âź
1330 cm<sup>â1</sup>). Independent analysis of each sideband
indicates that both sidebands arise from the same dark exciton level,
which lies at an energy approximately 25 meV above the bright singlet
exciton. Our observations support the recent prediction of, and mounting
experimental evidence for, the dark K-momentum singlet exciton lying
âź25 meV (for the (6,5) SWCNT) above the bright Î-momentum
singlet. This study represents the first use of <sup>13</sup>C-labeled
SWCNTs highly enriched in a single nanotube species to unequivocally
confirm these sidebands as vibronic sidebands of the dark K-momentum
singlet exciton
Controlling Long-Lived Triplet Generation from Intramolecular Singlet Fission in the Solid State
The
conjugated polymer polyÂ(benzothiophene dioxide) (PBTDO1) has
recently been shown to exhibit efficient intramolecular singlet fission
in solution. We investigate the role of intermolecular interactions
in triplet separation dynamics after singlet fission. We use transient
absorption spectroscopy to determine the singlet fission rate and
triplet yield in two polymers differing only by side-chain motif in
both solution and the solid state. Whereas solid-state films show
singlet fission rates identical to those measured in solution, the
average lifetime of the triplet population increases dramatically
and is strongly dependent on side-chain identity. These results show
that it may be necessary to carefully engineer the solid-state microstructure
of these âsinglet fission polymersâ to produce the long-lived
triplets needed to realize efficient photovoltaic devices
Charge Separation in P3HT:SWCNT Blends Studied by EPR: Spin Signature of the Photoinduced Charged State in SWCNT
Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)
could be employed in organic
photovoltaic (OPV) devices as a replacement or additive for currently
used fullerene derivatives, but significant research remains to explain
fundamental aspects of charge generation. Electron paramagnetic resonance
(EPR) spectroscopy, which is sensitive only to unpaired electrons,
was applied to explore charge separation in P3HT:SWCNT blends. The
EPR signal of the P3HT positive polaron increases as the concentration
of SWCNT acceptors in a photoexcited P3HT:SWCNT blend is increased,
demonstrating long-lived charge separation induced by electron transfer
from P3HT to SWCNTs. An EPR signal from reduced SWCNTs was not identified
in blends due to the free and fast-relaxing nature of unpaired SWCNT
electrons as well as spectral overlap of this EPR signal with the
signal from positive P3HT polarons. However, a weak EPR signal was
observed in chemically reduced SWNTs, and the <i>g</i> values
of this signal are close to those of C<sub>70</sub>-PCBM anion radical.
The anisotropic line shape indicates that these unpaired electrons
are not free but instead localized
Through-Space Ultrafast Photoinduced Electron Transfer Dynamics of a C<sub>70</sub>-Encapsulated Bisporphyrin Covalent Organic Polyhedron in a Low-Dielectric Medium
Ultrafast
photoinduced electron transfer (PIET) dynamics of a C<sub>70</sub>-encapsulated bisporphyrin covalent organic polyhedron hybrid
(C<sub>70</sub>@COP-5) is studied in a nonpolar toluene medium with
fluorescence and transient absorption spectroscopies. This structurally
rigid donor (D)âacceptor (A) molecular hybrid offers a new
platform featuring conformationally predetermined cofacial DâA
orientation with a fixed edge-to-edge separation, <i>R</i><sub>EE</sub> (2.8 Ă
), without the aid of covalent bonds. Sub-picosecond
PIET (Ď<sub>ET</sub> ⤠0.4 ps) and very slow charge recombination
(Ď<sub>CR</sub> â 600 ps) dynamics are observed. The
origin of these dynamics is discussed in terms of enhanced DâA
coupling (<i>V</i> = 675 cm<sup>â1</sup>) and extremely
small reorganization energy (Îť â 0.18 eV), induced by
the intrinsic structural rigidity of the C<sub>70</sub>@COP-5 complex