Regional population structure and young workers' wages

This paper estimates the effect that changes in the size of the youth population have on the wages of young workers. Assuming that differently aged workers are only imperfectly substitutable, economic theory predicts that individuals in larger age groups earn lower wages. We test this hypothesis for a sample of young, male, full-time employees in Western Germany during the period 1999-2010. In contrast to other studies, functional rather than administrative spatial entities are used as they provide a more accurate measure of the youth population in an actual labour market. Based on instrumental variables estimation, we show that an increase in the youth share by one percentage point is predicted to decrease a young worker's wages by 3%. Our results also suggest that a substantial part of this effect is due to members of larger age groups being more likely to be employed in lower-paying occupations

A subdivision approach to the solution of polynomial constraints over finite domains using the modified Bernstein form

This paper discusses an algorithm to solve polynomial constraints over finite domains, namely constraints which are expressed in terms of equalities, inequalities and disequalities of polynomials with integer coefficients whose variables are associated with finite domains. The proposed algorithm starts with a preliminary step intended to rewrite all constraints to a canonical form. Then, the modified Bernstein form of obtained polynomials is used to recursively restrict the domains of variables, which are assumed to be initially approximated by a bounding box. The proposed algorithm proceeds by subdivisions, and it ensures that each variable is eventually associated with the inclusion maximal finite domain in which the set of constraints is satisfiable. If arbitrary precision integer arithmetic is available, no approximation is introduced in the solving process because the coefficients of the modified Bernstein form are integer numbers

Comparison of experimental and simulated extreme ultraviolet spectra of xenon and tin discharges

Xenon and tin both are working elements applied in discharge plasmas that are being developed for application in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. Their spectra in the 10–21-nm-wavelength range have been analyzed. A fully analytical collisional-radiative model, including departure from equilibrium due to a net ionization rate, was used to simulate the EUV spectra. Detailed Hartree-Fock calculations, using the COWAN package, were applied for determination of the energy levels and optical transition probabilities of the 8+ to 12+ ions of both elements. For the calculation of the radiation, the opacity of the plasma was taken into account. Time-resolved measurements of the spectra from ionizing phases of two different discharge plasmas were corrected for the wavelength-dependent sensitivity of the spectrometer, and compared to the results of the simulations. Fairly good agreement between the experiments and the model calculations has been found

Extreme ultraviolet spectra of discharge sources in xenon and tin: comparison of computer simulations and experimental results

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Comparison of experimental and simulated extreme ultraviolet spectra of xenon and tin discharges

Xenon and tin both are working elements applied in discharge plasmas that are being developed for application in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. Their spectra in the 10–21-nm-wavelength range have been analyzed. A fully analytical collisional-radiative model, including departure from equilibrium due to a net ionization rate, was used to simulate the EUV spectra. Detailed Hartree-Fock calculations, using the COWAN package, were applied for determination of the energy levels and optical transition probabilities of the 8+ to 12+ ions of both elements. For the calculation of the radiation, the opacity of the plasma was taken into account. Time-resolved measurements of the spectra from ionizing phases of two different discharge plasmas were corrected for the wavelength-dependent sensitivity of the spectrometer, and compared to the results of the simulations. Fairly good agreement between the experiments and the model calculations has been found