Synthesis of New Class of Alkyl Azarene Pyridinium Zwitterions via Iodine Mediated sp³ C–H Bond Activation

An efficient and conceptually different approach toward C–H bond activation by using iodine mediated sp³ C–H functionalization for the synthesis of alkyl azaarene pyridinium zwitterions is described. This work has the interesting distinction of being the first synthesis of a new class of alkyl azaarene pyridinium zwitterion via transition-metal-free sp³ C–H bond activation of an alkyl azaarene

Survival of four species of adult lady beetles that were fed Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i>, flowers that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G).

<p>Cox proportional hazards model with a random effect for cage, and stratified by replicate,α = 0.05.</p><p>Survival of four species of adult lady beetles that were fed Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i>, flowers that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G).</p

Survival for 14 days of four species of adult lady beetles that were allowed to feed on flowers from Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i>, plants that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) rate of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G).

<p>Flowers were presented in opposite ends of a tube cage (C-C, 1X-C, 1X-1X, 2X-C, 2X-2X).</p

Survival of four species of adult lady beetles that were fed Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i>, flowers that that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G).

<p>Means in the same column followed by different letters are significantly different, Tukey-Kramer MRT,α = 0.05.</p><p>Survival of four species of adult lady beetles that were fed Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i>, flowers that that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G).</p

Survival at days 7, 15, 21, 29 of two species of adult butterflied that were force-fed 30% syrup containing 0 ppb (C), 15 ppb (1X), or 30 ppb (2X) imidacloprid.

<p>Survival at days 7, 15, 21, 29 of two species of adult butterflied that were force-fed 30% syrup containing 0 ppb (C), 15 ppb (1X), or 30 ppb (2X) imidacloprid.</p

Survival of two species of adult butterflies that were free-ranging and allowed to feed on flowers from Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i>, that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G) for <i>Danaus</i>, monarch butterflies at days 7 and 15 and for <i>Vanessa</i>, painted lady butterflies at days 7, 15, 21, and 29.

<p>Survival of two species of adult butterflies that were free-ranging and allowed to feed on flowers from Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i>, that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G) for <i>Danaus</i>, monarch butterflies at days 7 and 15 and for <i>Vanessa</i>, painted lady butterflies at days 7, 15, 21, and 29.</p

Imidacloprid, hydroxy, and olefin residue (ppm) extracted from Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i>, flowers (1 g) that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G).

<p>Residue analysis was performed at ALS Laboratories, Edmonton, Alberta, CA. Means in the same column followed by different letters are significantly different, Tukey-Kramer MRT,α = 0.05.</p><p>Imidacloprid, hydroxy, and olefin residue (ppm) extracted from Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i>, flowers (1 g) that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G).</p

Survival of two species of adult butterflies that were free-ranging and allowed to feed on flowers from Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i> (AC), that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G) or that were force-fed 30% syrup syrup (S) containing 0 ppb (C), 15 ppb (1X), or 30 ppb (2X) imidacloprid.

<p>Survival of two species of adult butterflies that were free-ranging and allowed to feed on flowers from Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i> (AC), that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G) or that were force-fed 30% syrup syrup (S) containing 0 ppb (C), 15 ppb (1X), or 30 ppb (2X) imidacloprid.</p

Comparison of imidacloprod, hydroxy, and olefin residue (ppm) in Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassivica</i>, and buckwheat, <i>Fagopyrum esculentum</i>, flowers (1 g) [47] that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G).

<p>Comparison of imidacloprod, hydroxy, and olefin residue (ppm) in Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassivica</i>, and buckwheat, <i>Fagopyrum esculentum</i>, flowers (1 g) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0119133#pone.0119133.ref047" target="_blank">47</a>] that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G).</p

Survival at days 7, 14, and 21 of two species of larval butterflies that were free-ranging on host plants that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G).

<p><i>Danaus</i>, monarch butterflies were fed Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i>, and <i>Vanessa</i> painted lady butterflies were fed globe thistle, <i>Echinops ritro</i>.</p