4 research outputs found
The Influence of Climatic Seasonality on the Diversity of Different Tropical Pollinator Groups
Tropical South America is rich in different groups of pollinators, but the biotic and abiotic factors determining the geographical distribution of their species richness are poorly understood. We analyzed the species richness of three groups of pollinators (bees and wasps, butterflies, hummingbirds) in six tropical forests in the Bolivian lowlands along a gradient of climatic seasonality and precipitation ranging from 410 mm to 6250 mm. At each site, we sampled the three pollinator groups and their food plants twice for 16 days in both the dry and rainy seasons. The richness of the pollinator groups was related to climatic factors by linear regressions. Differences in species numbers between pollinator groups were analyzed by Wilcoxon tests for matched pairs and the proportion in species numbers between pollinator groups by correlation analyses. Species richness of hummingbirds was most closely correlated to the continuous availability of food, that of bees and wasps to the number of food plant species and flowers, and that of butterflies to air temperature. Only the species number of butterflies differed significantly between seasons. We were not able to find shifts in the proportion of species numbers of the different groups of pollinators along the study gradient. Thus, we conclude that the diversity of pollinator guilds is determined by group-specific factors and that the constant proportions in species numbers of the different pollinator groups constitute a general pattern
Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) : one or several species?
Eryphanis zolvizora (Hewitson, 1877) is a rare Andean endemic butterfly, described from Bolivia, which has been historically classified either as a unique species, or as part of a group of three allopatric species from Bolivia, Ecuador and Colombia. In this paper, the group is revised using more than 200 specimens housed in 35 European and North and South American public and private collections. For the first time, the presence of the group in Western Ecuador and Venezuela is confirmed, and important data on Peruvian populations are provided. In some populations, individual variations of genitalia are observed. Nevertheless, male genitalia allow the distinction of four geographical groups. Considering also habitus characters, eight taxa are distinguished and considered to be subspecies, of which five are new: Eryphanis zolvizora inca ssp. nov., Eryphanis zolvizora chachapoya ssp. nov., Eryphanis zolvizora casagrande ssp. nov., Eryphanis zolvizora reyi ssp. nov., and Eryphanis zolvizora isabelae ssp. nov. In the present state of knowledge, these taxa are allopatric, except for a possible geographic overlap in central Peru, where data are insufficient to prove sympatry. The âseveral subspecies vs. several speciesâ dilemma is discussed, considering its impact for conservation action and policies
A new subspecies of Morpho (Grasseia) godartii Guérin-Méneville, [1844], discovered in sub-humid forests from southern Bolivian Andes (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)
Populations of Morpho godartii have been discovered in the Southern Andean Yungas of Bolivia, a region poorly known entomologically. These populations inhabit sub-humid and semi-deciduous forests. Considering male and female habitus, they are clearly different from the nominate M. godartii godartii populations, which live in rainforests along the northern Bolivian Andes. They also differ from M. godartii lachaumei Blandin, 2007, restricted to the upper RĂo Beni basin. Consequently, these southern populations are described as a new subspecies, Morpho (Grasseia) godartii titogilberti n. ssp.Une nouvelle sous-espĂšce de Morpho (Grasseia) godartii GuĂ©rin-MĂ©neville, [ 1844], dĂ©couverte dans les forĂȘts sub-humides du sud des Andes boliviennes (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). M. godartii est une espĂšce dĂ©crite de Bolivie, bien reprĂ©sentĂ©e dans les collections. En rĂ©alitĂ©, pendant prĂšs dâun siĂšcle et demi, les collectes ne furent effectuĂ©es que dans les forĂȘts ombrophiles de la rĂ©gion qui sâĂ©tend le long des versants nord des Andes boliviennes. Plus au sud, les versants, orientĂ©s vers lâest, sont plus secs, et lâon y rencontre des forĂȘts subhumides, voire semi-dĂ©cidues. En 1984, un mĂąle de M. godartii, prĂ©sentant un habitus assez original, avait Ă©tĂ© capturĂ© dans cette rĂ©gion par un entomologiste français. Beaucoup plus rĂ©cemment, dâassez nombreux mĂąles et femelles ont Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©s par plusieurs entomologistes boliviens. Ils diffĂšrent clairement de M. g. godartii, par leur couleur bleue du dessus des ailes, plus intense, plus profonde, et par la face ventrale plus sombre et plus contrastĂ©e. En outre, la variabilitĂ© individuelle est faible, alors quâelle est trĂšs prononcĂ©e chez M. g. godartii, oĂč lâon observe une gamme continue depuis des spĂ©cimens particuliĂšrement pĂąles jusquâĂ des spĂ©cimens au bleu-mauve un peu soutenu et Ă face ventrale un peu contrastĂ©e, moins toutefois que chez les populations du sud. Par ailleurs, celles-ci diffĂšrent nettement de la sous-espĂšce M. g. lachaumei Blandin, 2007, infĂ©odĂ©e au bassin supĂ©rieur du rĂo Beni. Une nouvelle sousespĂšce est en consĂ©quence dĂ©crite, Morpho (Grasseia) godartii titogilberti n. ssp. La discussion souligne lâintĂ©rĂȘt des forĂȘts subhumides de Bolivie, encore trĂšs insuffisamment explorĂ©es dâun point de vue entomologique. Elle pose aussi la question de la transition entre M. g. godartii et la nouvelle sous-espĂšce, dans la rĂ©gion de passage des forĂȘts ombrophiles aux forĂȘts subhumides, au sud-ouest de la ville de Santa Cruz.Una nueva subespecie de Morpho (Grasseia) godartii GuĂ©rin-MĂ©neville, [ 1844], descubierta en los bosques subhĂșmedos del sur de los Andes bolivianos (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Poblaciones de Morpho godartii han sido descubiertas en los Yungas del Sur en Bolivia, la cual es una regiĂłn poco conocida, desde un punto de vista entomolĂłgico. Estas poblaciones ocurren en bosques subhĂșmedos y semideciduos. Teniendo en cuenta las formas de machos y hembras son claramente diferenciados de las poblaciones de la subespecie nominata M. godartii godartii, la cual vive en bosque lluvioso a lo largo de los Andes bolivianos. Las poblaciones sureñas tambiĂ©n difieren de M. godartii lachaumei Blandin, 2007, la cual estĂĄ restringida al ĂĄrea de la cuenca alta del rĂo Beni. En consecuencia seran descritas como una nueva subespecie, Morpho (Grasseia) godartii titogilberti n. ssp.Blandin Patrick, Gareca Yuvinka. A new subspecies of Morpho (Grasseia) godartii GuĂ©rin-MĂ©neville, [1844], discovered in sub-humid forests from southern Bolivian Andes (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). In: Bulletin de la SociĂ©tĂ© entomologique de France, volume 116 (3),2011. pp. 291-300
A new subspecies of Morpho (Grasseia) godartii Guérin-Méneville, [1844], discovered in sub-humid forests from southern Bolivian Andes (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)
Populations of Morpho godartii have been discovered in the Southern Andean Yungas of Bolivia, a region poorly known entomologically. These populations inhabit sub-humid and semi-deciduous forests. Considering male and female habitus, they are clearly different from the nominate M. godartii godartii populations, which live in rainforests along the northern Bolivian Andes. They also differ from M. godartii lachaumei Blandin, 2007, restricted to the upper RĂo Beni basin. Consequently, these southern populations are described as a new subspecies, Morpho (Grasseia) godartii titogilberti n. ssp.Une nouvelle sous-espĂšce de Morpho (Grasseia) godartii GuĂ©rin-MĂ©neville, [ 1844], dĂ©couverte dans les forĂȘts sub-humides du sud des Andes boliviennes (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). M. godartii est une espĂšce dĂ©crite de Bolivie, bien reprĂ©sentĂ©e dans les collections. En rĂ©alitĂ©, pendant prĂšs dâun siĂšcle et demi, les collectes ne furent effectuĂ©es que dans les forĂȘts ombrophiles de la rĂ©gion qui sâĂ©tend le long des versants nord des Andes boliviennes. Plus au sud, les versants, orientĂ©s vers lâest, sont plus secs, et lâon y rencontre des forĂȘts subhumides, voire semi-dĂ©cidues. En 1984, un mĂąle de M. godartii, prĂ©sentant un habitus assez original, avait Ă©tĂ© capturĂ© dans cette rĂ©gion par un entomologiste français. Beaucoup plus rĂ©cemment, dâassez nombreux mĂąles et femelles ont Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©s par plusieurs entomologistes boliviens. Ils diffĂšrent clairement de M. g. godartii, par leur couleur bleue du dessus des ailes, plus intense, plus profonde, et par la face ventrale plus sombre et plus contrastĂ©e. En outre, la variabilitĂ© individuelle est faible, alors quâelle est trĂšs prononcĂ©e chez M. g. godartii, oĂč lâon observe une gamme continue depuis des spĂ©cimens particuliĂšrement pĂąles jusquâĂ des spĂ©cimens au bleu-mauve un peu soutenu et Ă face ventrale un peu contrastĂ©e, moins toutefois que chez les populations du sud. Par ailleurs, celles-ci diffĂšrent nettement de la sous-espĂšce M. g. lachaumei Blandin, 2007, infĂ©odĂ©e au bassin supĂ©rieur du rĂo Beni. Une nouvelle sousespĂšce est en consĂ©quence dĂ©crite, Morpho (Grasseia) godartii titogilberti n. ssp. La discussion souligne lâintĂ©rĂȘt des forĂȘts subhumides de Bolivie, encore trĂšs insuffisamment explorĂ©es dâun point de vue entomologique. Elle pose aussi la question de la transition entre M. g. godartii et la nouvelle sous-espĂšce, dans la rĂ©gion de passage des forĂȘts ombrophiles aux forĂȘts subhumides, au sud-ouest de la ville de Santa Cruz.Una nueva subespecie de Morpho (Grasseia) godartii GuĂ©rin-MĂ©neville, [ 1844], descubierta en los bosques subhĂșmedos del sur de los Andes bolivianos (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Poblaciones de Morpho godartii han sido descubiertas en los Yungas del Sur en Bolivia, la cual es una regiĂłn poco conocida, desde un punto de vista entomolĂłgico. Estas poblaciones ocurren en bosques subhĂșmedos y semideciduos. Teniendo en cuenta las formas de machos y hembras son claramente diferenciados de las poblaciones de la subespecie nominata M. godartii godartii, la cual vive en bosque lluvioso a lo largo de los Andes bolivianos. Las poblaciones sureñas tambiĂ©n difieren de M. godartii lachaumei Blandin, 2007, la cual estĂĄ restringida al ĂĄrea de la cuenca alta del rĂo Beni. En consecuencia seran descritas como una nueva subespecie, Morpho (Grasseia) godartii titogilberti n. ssp.Blandin Patrick, Gareca Yuvinka. A new subspecies of Morpho (Grasseia) godartii GuĂ©rin-MĂ©neville, [1844], discovered in sub-humid forests from southern Bolivian Andes (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). In: Bulletin de la SociĂ©tĂ© entomologique de France, volume 116 (3),2011. pp. 291-300