Analysis of grape (Vitis Vinifera) diseases using neural networks

Grape (Vitis Vinifera) diseases cause a decrease in yield and product quality, and have an adverse effect on the growth, condition and resistance of bushes to frost. Some of the most common grape diseases can lead to poor berry quality and reduced yields, which can ultimately impact the income generated. To combat grape diseases, it is necessary to regularly treat plants with special preparations and monitor the condition of the plants throughout the growing season

ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA MUSEI NATIONALIS PRAGAE New subtribes and a new genus of Podopini (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Podopinae)

Abstract. The tribe Podopini is divided into three subtribes: Kayesiina subtrib. nov., Podopina, and Scotinopharina subtrib. nov., differing in the length and shape of jugae, presence or absence of a tooth on the anterior part of bucculae and transverse carinae on pronotum, structure of pygophore, parandria, aedeagus, and female genitalia. Scotinophara dentat

Podopina Stal 1872

Subtribe Podopina Stål, 1872 Type genus. Podops Laporte, 1833. Diagnosis. Dorsal surface of head convex along midline; tooth on anterior part of bucculae present, in other Podopinae lost. Jugae initially not closed before clypeus. Transverse carina present on pronotum. Metathoracic scent gland openings located on small roundish tubercles surrounded by a large evaporatorium. Parandria (which I consider as homologous of lateral parandria of the Kayesiina and Scotinopharina) very long and pyramidal (Figs. 1, 4, 14-16), their articulation with latero-apical margins of pygophore mobile. Medial parandria probably transformed into narrow sclerotized bridge strengthening bases of lateral parandria (Figs. 1, 15). Ventral infolding of pygophore not bent dorsad, bearing two acutely angled projections on each side of medial notch (Fig. 14). Sensory process of paramere long (Figs. 1, 15, 17). Large membranous ventrolateral lobes of conjunctiva developed in more primitive representatives (Fig. 9). Medial penal plates lying between them and divided into longitudinal bands and apical processes. The head and the anterior part of pronotum of the Podopina bear rather long setae that are absent in the Kayesiina and most primitive Scotinopharina, but exist in other genera of the Scotinopharina. Genera included. The subtribe includes 11 genera and consists of four groups of genera: the Podops -group (Podops Laporte, 1833), the Thoria -group (Crollius Walker, 1867, Severinina Schouteden, 1903, and Thoria Stål, 1865), the Stysiellus -group (Stysiellus gen. nov.), and the Amaurochrous -group (Allopodops Harris & Johnston, 1936, Amaurochrous Stål, 1872, Neapodops Slater & Baranowski, 1970, Notopodops Barber & Sailer, 1953, Oncozygia Stål, 1872, and Weda Schouteden, 1905). Having as yet no possibility to examine Neapodops and Notopodops, I base their tribal placement on the original descriptions (BARBER & SAILER 1953, SLATER & BARANOWSKI 1970). Distribution. Palaearctic Region, Africa, India, Nepal, and North America.Published as part of Gapon, Dmitry A. & TentatDAG, 2008, New subtribes and a new genus of Podopini (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Podopinae), pp. 523-532 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 48 (2) on pages 524-526, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.534165

Stysiellus dentatus Gapon & TentatDAG 2008, comb. nov.

Stysiellus dentatus (Distant, 1902), comb. nov. (Figs. 13-22) Scotinophara dentata Distant, 1902: 75. Material examined. NEPAL: ‘ Rapti Tal Jhwani, 200 m, V.1967 (Dierl-Fortster-Schacht) (Staatsslg. München)’, 1 J 1 ♀ (NMPC), 1 J (ZMAS). Description. Coloration and structure as in description of the genus. Measurements (all in mm). Total length 5.90-7.40, width of pronotum 3.30-3.90, length of pronotum 1.45-1.75. Length of head 2.75-3.40, width of head 3.45-3.90, intraocular width 1.18-1.35, intraocellar width 0.73-0.83. Lengths of antennal segments I-V equal to 0.33, 0.35, 0.45, 0.48, and 0.85. Length of scutellum 3.15-4.13, width of scutellum at base 2.23-2.63, width of scutellum in distal portion 1.95-2.53. Bionomics. Unknown. Distribution. Stysiellus dentatus is distributed in West Bengal in northeastern India (DISTANT 1902) and in southern Nepal in the Himalayan foothills (new record).Published as part of Gapon, Dmitry A. & TentatDAG, 2008, New subtribes and a new genus of Podopini (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Podopinae), pp. 523-532 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 48 (2) on page 531, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.534165

Stysiellus Gapon & TentatDAG 2008, gen. nov.

Stysiellus gen. nov. Type species. Scotinophara dentata Distant, 1902. Description. Body (Fig. 13) rather small, its dorsal and ventral surfaces equally slightly convex. Coloration yellowish with head, anterior part of pronotum, points of punctation, and ventral surfaces of abdomen except its sides dark brown. Pubescence short, accumbent on head, anterior part of pronotum and ventral surfaces of abdomen, and partly raised on other parts of body. Head wider than long, not inclined. Eyes pedicellate, slightly wider than long. Preocular part of head wide, parabolically narrowed anteriad. Jugae with hardly appreciable lateral notches and smoothly bent lateral angles, very weakly extending beyond clypeus, not converging. Clypeus evenly narrow, its base and frons very weakly convex. Dorsal surface of head with pale narrow longitudinal stripe and pale apices of jugae. Points of punctation very small, dense, absent on small areas at postero-internal margins of eyes. Bucculae evenly low on all length, with a straight inferior margin, without tooth on anterior part. Rostrum reaching middle of metacoxae. Antenniferous tubercles with very small teeth. Antennae 5-segmented, basal segments pale, segments 4 and 5 dark. Pronotum. Anterior margin of pronotum weakly concave, with thin elevation. Lateral margins of pronotum straight or very weakly convex in anterior part and slightly concave in posterior part, with thin pale rib, bearing 4-5 small denticles directed laterad and caudad. Teeth on anterior angles of pronotum large, directed anteriad and laterad. Lateral angles of pronotum in anterior part with small tooth directed laterad and widely rounded in posterior part. Anterior and posterior portions of pronotal disk nearly evenly high. Anterior portion of disk with strongly smoothed tubercle on each side and wide pale cicatrices around it. Transverse carina behind them strongly smoothed. Transverse impression of disk superficial but distinct along the whole length. Narrow smooth pale medial line without punctation situated in anterior and middle parts of pronotum. Points of punctation moderately large, superficial. Mesothorax. Scutellum almost reaching apex of abdomen, leaving connexivum and most of corium exposed, its base slightly wider than distal part. Lateral margins of scutellum with deep notches and strongly convex distal area. Impressions in basal corners of scutellum superficial. Basal elevation of scutellum very low, with unclear contours. Calloused areas in lateral corners small, roundish. Punctation on scutellum as on pronotum. Scutellum with five longitudinal yellow lines without punctation, external ones wider, blurry, not reaching apex of scutellum; paired internal lines narrower, more separate basally, approximated and parallel elsewhere; medial line short, located between converging bases of internal lines and narrowing distad. Corium with yellow areas lacking punctation along border of exocorium. Posterior margin of mesopleurite with rather narrow strip of poriferous cuticle forming large folds. Metathorax. Scent gland opening on small roundish tubercle, with very small tubercle near anterior edge of gland aperture. Evaporatorium large, narrowed in distal part, its surface forming rather large folds. Sterna of all segments of thorax very slightly bent, almost flat, covered with short felt-like pubescence. Legs pale. Femora and bases of tibiae covered with small brown spots; anterior surfaces of femora before apex with two obscure brown rings divided by light area. Abdomen. Laterotergites of connexivum pale, with blackish antero-lateral corners. Posterior angles of abdominal segments with small pale tubercles. Base of abdominal ventral surface with transverse impression but without tubercle or longitudinal impression. Pygophore (Figs. 14-15) wider than long. Latero-apical angles strongly protruded apicad with narrowly rounded apices. Dorsal infolding of pygophore weakly separated, bent ventrad, with deep wide notch. Lateral infoldings narrow; ventral infolding slightly bent dorsad. Ventroapical margin of pygophore with deep rounded lateral notches, slightly bent in medial part. Projections on each side of medial notch of ventral infolding very strongly elongate, equal to latero-apical angles of pygophore in size. Impression of ventral walls of pygophore deep and wide, with very distinct edge. Bridges (medial parandria) separating lateral parandria rather wide, narrowed ventrad, with bent surfaces in dorsal part. Aperture of lateral parandrium detached by these bridges small. Lateral parandria much longer than latero-apical angles of pygophore (Fig. 16), their dorsal margins straight, without tooth at base, with notch in middle of length. Inner surface of lateral parandria with slanting impression; outer surfaces weakly convex; all surfaces, especially internal one in distal part, densely covered with raised setae. Apices of lateral parandria narrow. Paramere (Figs. 14-15, 17). Basal plate not large. Small stalk and body of paramere moderately narrow and long. Sensory process long and wide, rounded in apical view. Hypophysis long, smoothly bent forward, triangular in transverse section. Apex of hypophysis truncated, outer angle of its apex slightly longer than inner. Outer surface of hypophysis bearing several setae. Aedeagus (Figs. 18-19). Phallobase. Caudal ends of plates of phallobase not reaching half of basal part of theca. Ventral processes of phallobase very short. Dorsal connectives short. Capitate processes with distinct small stalks and large rounded plates perpendicular to the processes, each with perpendicular carina. Theca. Basal part of theca strongly sclerotized, with rather strong convex dorsal wall and straight ventral wall. Apical part of theca sclerotized more weakly than basal part; length of each nearly equal. Latero-apical angles of apical part of theca strongly oblong, narrowly rounded, extending beyond apex of conjunctiva. Dorsoapical notch of apical part of theca deep and rounded. Conjunctiva. Ventrolateral lobes of conjunctiva absent. Apeх of conjunctiva weakly convex and appearing as a low dome. Ventral lobe of conjunctiva large. Longitudinal bands of medial penal plates narrow and parallel at base; these bands smoothly converging in ventral view and expanding in lateral view. Apical processes of medial plates wide, with truncate apices. Upper angles of apical processes touching each other. Membrane of inferior wall of ventral lobe long and visible in lateral view. Vesica appearing as a very short and rather wide tube. Female genitalia. Gonocoxae 1 with large anterior parts lying under posterior margin of sternum VII in repose (Fig. 20). Posterior margins of gonocoxae 1 convex in lateral part and bent in medial part. External surface of gonocoxae 1 along posterior margin with several strong setae, internal surface without impression near medial margin. Medial plate short, without impression, with several strong setae. Paratergites IX wide in anterior part, narrowed caudad, with straight outer margins, not extending beyond posterior margin of proctiger and not covering inner angles of paratergites VIII; the latter large, about as long as wide, with weakly convex posterior margins and without spiracles. Triangulum weakly sclerotized at base, with slightly oblong and narrowed apex. Vestiges of first gonapophyses visible as rather large membranous folds (Fig. 21). Vestiges of second gonapophyses very small. Gynatrial sclerites (Fig. 21). Parabasal sclerite rather large, longitudinal, with straight lateral margins, slightly extending anteriad, with convex anterior margin. Basal sclerites longitudinal, very narrow, their anterior ends connected with large round sclerites, posterior ends connected to anterior part of parabasal sclerite by thin bands. Annular sclerite roundish in anterior part and strongly extended in posterior part. Conoid sclerite brought closer to annular sclerite, longer than wide, with widely rounded apex. Spermatheca (Fig. 22). Proximal part of spermathecal duct nearly reaching anterior margin of sternum VII. Medial part of duct reaching middle of sternum V. Proximomedial part of duct (membranous dilation) without sharp constriction proximally, distimedial part (sclerotized rod) rather wide, without dilatation before strongly narrowed posterior end. Visible distal part of spermathecal duct and spermathecal capsule as long as pump. Capsule oblong, without processes. Comparative notes. Stysiellus gen. nov. differs from the Scotinopharina by having large pyramidal lateral parandria, a long sensory process of paramere, and the ventral infolding of pygophore not bent dorsad (or absent?). It forms its own group in the subtribe Podopina close to the Thoria -group and especially to the Amaurochrous -group. These three groups differ from Podops by a strong reduction of the ventrolateral lobes of conjunctiva (Figs. 10-12, 18-19), absence of the apical lobes of conjunctiva, expanded sensory process of paramere (Figs. 1, 15, 17), and rather short hypophysis of paramere. Stysiellus gen. nov. differs from the Amaurochrous -group by the dentate lateral margin of pronotum, absence of the tooth at the base of the dorsal margin of lateral parandria (characters developed probably independently in the Thoria -group), narrow medial penal plates divided into longitudinal bands and apical processes located in the sagittal plane in repose, absence of lateral membranous parts of the ventral lobe of conjunctiva, and longer latero-apical angles of pygophore. Stysiellus gen. nov. and the Amaurochrous- groups differ from the Thoria -group in the strongly protruded latero-apical angles of pygophore (Fig. 14), deep notches in lateral parts of the ventro-apical margin of pygophore, weakly convex outer surfaces of lateral parandria, absence of the ventrolateral lobes of conjunctiva (Figs. 11-12, 18-19), tubercles on its dorsal wall, and the oblong annular gynatrial sclerite. Etymology. This genus is dedicated to Professor Pavel Štys. The gender is masculine. Composition. The genus is monotypic.Published as part of Gapon, Dmitry A. & TentatDAG, 2008, New subtribes and a new genus of Podopini (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Podopinae), pp. 523-532 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 48 (2) on pages 526-531, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.534165

New subtribes and a new genus of Podopini (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Podopinae)

Gapon, Dmitry A., TentatDAG (2008): New subtribes and a new genus of Podopini (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Podopinae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 48 (2): 523-532, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.534165

Adomerus maculipes

<i>Adomerus maculipes</i> (Mulsant et Rey, 1852) <p>(Figs 2 A, B; 3 A, B; 4 A, A′, B, B′)</p> <p> <i>Cydnus maculipes</i> Mulsant & Rey 1852: 78 [syntypes: south of France, lost; neotype: France, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, Courthézon, designated here].</p> <p> <i>Canthophorus</i> (<i>Canthophorus</i>) <i>maculipes</i>: Mulsant & Rey, 1866: 65.</p> <p> <i>Sehirus maculipes</i>: Horváth, 1899: 83; Vidal, 1950: 43.</p> <p> <i>Sehirus</i> (<i>Tritomegas</i>) <i>maculipes</i>: Stichel, 1961: 676.</p> <p> <i>Canthophorus maculipes</i>: Fuente, 1972: 64.</p> <p> <i>Sehirus aeneus</i> Walker, 1867: 169 [holotype: Madeira], <b>syn. nov.</b></p> <p> <i>Canthophorus aeneus</i> (Walker, 1867) (= <i>Sehirus fuscipennis</i> non Horváth, 1899): Aukema & Constant, 2016: 42.</p> <p> <i>Adomerus aeneus</i> (Walker, 1867): Gapon, 2018: 222.</p> <p> <b>Materials examined</b> are mainly listed in Aukema & Constant (2016) and Gapon (2018); some specimens from the first paper were re-identified. <i>Additional materials examined</i>. <b>France</b>: Aveyron, Tayrac, Vallée de Liort, Moulin de Liort, 44.215 N — 2.225 E, 22.VIII.2018, B. Aukema leg. (BAWN); Var, Toulon, 11.VII.1951, 4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, R.H. Cobben leg. (RMNH). <b>Portugal</b>, Estoril, 28.VII.1957, 1 ♂, R.H. Cobben leg. (RMNH). <b>Turkey</b>, Kars Prov., Arax valley, 20 km NW of Kaðýzman, 14.VI.1997, M.G. Volkovitsh leg., 1 ♀ (ZISP).</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b> (Fig. 1). Algeria, Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey (Aukema & Constant, 2016; Bolívar & Chicote, 1879; Carapezza, 1993; Costa, 1863, 1888; Drosopoulos, 1980; Ferrari, 1888, 1892; Fuente, 1972; Gapon, 2018; Gribodo, 1920; Horváth, 1899, 1907; Josifov, 1986; Lupoli & Dusoulier, 2015; Mancini, 1963; Navás, 1902; Oliveira, 1895; Oshanin, 1906; Protić, 2001, 2003, 2007; Ragusa, 1907; Ramme, 1911; Ramsay, 2019; Reuter, 1881; Ribes & Ribes, 2001; Ribes et al., 2004; Seabra, 1925; Stichel, 1961; Tamanini, 1961, 1981; Vidal, 1950; Wagner, 1951; Walker, 1867; Yazici et al., 2015).</p> <p> <b>Designation of a</b> <b>neotype.</b> At the time of the Second World War, the type specimens of the species described by Étienne Mulsant were moved from the collection of the L’Institution Sainte-Marie La Grand’Grange de Saint Chamond, Loire to MNHN by Renaud Paulian. He published a list of the species whose types he managed to find in Mulsant’s collection in Saint-Chamond, without explaining the principles by which he distinguished the type specimens (not marked by Mulsant in any way) from non-type ones (Paulian, 1944). In this list, <i>Canthophorus maculipes</i> is mentioned without specifying the number of syntypes and their sex (it only follows from the text that there were several specimens).</p> <p> After examining the collection of Mulsant’s type specimens in MNHN, Jerzy Lis found that all these syntypes are absent there (Lis, 1999); his recent clarifying message is: “in the box of Mulsant’s types there is only a handwritten label with the Latin name of species (same in style and format as those of other Mulsant’s types), but the specimens are absent; only traces of the entomological pins (holes) above the label are present” (pers. comm.). We received a message from Philippe Magnien that these syntypes are still in MNHN. Later, Eric Guilbert found three specimens in the box with Mulsant’s type specimens next to the handwritten label “ Canthophorus maculipes M. R”. Through the efforts of Laurent Bessol, detailed photographs of these specimens in dorsal, ventral, lateral and anterior views were obtained: the female without abdomen, with preserved antennae and partially preserved legs [label “Museum Paris MNHN(EH) 24773”]; the male with only one preserved left femur and three segments of the left antenna [“Museum Paris MNHN(EH) 24774”]; the female with preserved hind legs, right femur and three segments of the right antenna [“Museum Paris MNHN(EH) 24775” and the label “Stal”]. All these specimens marked with the labels “Muséum Paris 1943 coll. E. Mulsant” do not correspond to the original description of <i>Cydnus maculipes</i>, in particular, they have dark brown body colour (<i>vs</i> “ater”), anterolateral margins of the pronotum and lateral margins of the hemelytra without any trace of a light edging (<i>vs</i> “prothorace hemelytrisque margins externo albo”), the tibiae are monochrome reddish brown (<i>vs</i> “tibiis albidis, apice nigris”), the juga being contiguous with the front of clypeus (<i>vs</i> “tête <…> relevée et bifestonnée à sa partie antérieure; ces festons formés par les joues: épistome ou lobe moyen prolongé jusqu’à l’entaille”), and body length 6.80, 7.00 and 5.88 mm (<i>vs</i> 5.60 mm). It is quite obvious that the specimens represented in these photographs belong to some species of the genus <i>Sehirus</i> (reliable identification of the species from these photographs is impossible). Perhaps these specimens are part of the lost syntypes (now paralectotypes) of <i>Sehirus luctuosus</i> Mulsant et Rey, 1866. Lis (1996) found only one male from these syntypes in MNHN and designated it as a lectotype.</p> <p> Thus, we have to assume that all syntypes of <i>Cydnus maculipes</i> are lost since they are absent in the collection of MNHN and in Claudius Rey’s collection preserved in the Muséum d’Histoire naturelle de Lyon (now Musée des Confluences), according to F. Dusoulier (Ph. Magnien., pers. comm.).</p> <p> Due to the loss of the type specimens and since the original description of <i>C. maculipes</i> does not allow to match this name with either <i>Sehirus aeneus</i> Walker, 1867 or with <i>Sehirus fuscipennis</i> Horváth, 1899, the neotype designation is necessary. Insofar as Mulsant & Rey (1852) defined the type locality of <i>C. maculipes</i> as the south of France, the neotype hereby designated is the specimen collected in the west of Provence Alpes-Côte d’Azur, with the following labels: “[green rectangle denoting specimens with inflated aedeagus] // ♂ // Vaucluse: Courthezon / Les Palluds; U.V.; / 20-VI-1989; / J. Coffin leg. // Sehirus fuscipennis Hr? / maculipes Ms? / Ph Magnien 93 // Canthophorus maculipes / (Mulsant & Rey, 1852) / F. Dusoulier det. 2007” (Fig. 2 B). The neotype is deposited in the Heteroptera collection of ZISP. Terminalia of the specimen designated here as neotype were depicted by Gapon (2018) (Fig. 4 B, B′).</p>Published as part of <i>Aukema, Berend, Gapon, Dmitry & Heijerman, Theodoor, 2021, To the nomenclature of two species of the genus Adomerus (Heteroptera: Cydnidae), pp. 392-400 in Zootaxa 4969 (2)</i> on pages 393-397, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4969.2.10, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4748922">http://zenodo.org/record/4748922</a&gt

A new species of the genus Rhaphidosoma Amyot et Serville, 1843 (Heteroptera, Reduviidae), with data on its chromosome complement

A new species, Rhaphidosoma paganicum sp. nov. (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae: Rhaphidosomatini), is described from the Dry Zone of Myanmar. It is the fifth species of Rhaphidosoma Amyot et Serville, 1843, known from the Oriental Region, and the first record of the genus for Myanmar and Indochina. The structure of the external and internal terminalia of the male and female is described and illustrated in detail. The completely inflated endosoma is described for the first time in reduviids. The complex structure of the ductus seminis is shown; it terminates with a voluminous seminal chamber which opens with a wide secondary gonopore and may be a place where spermatophores are formed. The new species is compared with all congeners from the Oriental Region and Western Asia. It is characterised by the absence of distinct tubercles on the abdominal tergites of the male, the presence only two long tubercles and small rounded ones on the abdominal tergites VII and VI, respectively, in the female, the presence of short fore wing vestiges which are completely hidden under longer fore wing vestiges, and other characters. In addition to the morphological description, an account is given of the male karyotype and the structure of testes of Rh. paganicum sp. nov. and another species of Harpactorinae, Polididus armatissimus Stål, 1859 (tribe Harpactorini). It was found that Rh. paganicum sp. nov. has a karyotype comprising 12 pairs of autosomes and a multiple sex chromosome system (2n♂=24A+X1X2X3Y), whereas P. armatissimus has a karyotype comprising five pairs of autosomes and a simple sex chromosome system (2n♂=10A+XY). The males of these species were found to have seven and nine follicles per testis, respectively. FISH mapping of 18S ribosomal DNA (major rDNA) revealed hybridisation signals on two of the four sex chromosomes (Y and one of the Xs) in Rh. paganicum sp. nov. and on the largest pair of autosomes in P. armatissimus. The presence of the canonical “insect” (TTAGG)n telomeric repeat was detected in the chromosomes of both species. This is the first application of FISH in the tribe Raphidosomatini and in the genus Polididus Stål, 1858

Introduction to the study of chromosomal and reproductive patterns in Paraneoptera

This paper opens the themed issue (a monograph) “Aberrant cytogenetic and reproductive patterns in the evolution of Paraneoptera”, prepared by a Russian-Bulgarian research team on the basis of long-term collaborative studies. In this first part of the issue, we provide the basic introductory information, describe the material involved and the methods applied, and give terminology and nomenclature of used taxonomic names

Introduction to the study of chromosomal and reproductive patterns in Paraneoptera

This paper opens the themed issue (a monograph) “Aberrant cytogenetic and reproductive patterns in the evolution of Paraneoptera”, prepared by a Russian-Bulgarian research team on the basis of long-term collaborative studies. In this first part of the issue, we provide the basic introductory information, describe the material involved and the methods applied, and give terminology and nomenclature of used taxonomic names