Research Progress of the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Diseases Based on Short Chain Fatty Acids

Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are a class of saturated fatty acids containing 1-6 carbon atoms, which are mainly produced by specific flora in the intestine through the fermentation of dietary fiber, and play an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the intestinal environment. Recent studies have shown that SCFAs can regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, regulate energy balance, maintain the intestinal barrier and reduce inflammatory responses, eventually participating in the occurrence and development of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, lipid metabolic disorders and nonalcoholic fat liver disease through the above multiple pathways. This article summarizes the mechanism of SCFAs regulating metabolism and the research progress in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases, in order to provide more reference materials for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases

MTANS:Multi-Scale Mean Teacher Combined Adversarial Network with Shape-Aware Embedding for Semi-Supervised Brain Lesion Segmentation

The annotation of brain lesion images is a key step in clinical diagnosis and treatment of a wide spectrum of brain diseases. In recent years, segmentation methods based on deep learning have gained unprecedented popularity, leveraging a large amount of data with high-quality voxel-level annotations. However, due to the limited time clinicians can provide for the cumbersome task of manual image segmentation, semi-supervised medical image segmentation methods present an alternative solution as they require only a few labeled samples for training. In this paper, we propose a novel semi-supervised segmentation framework that combines improved mean teacher and adversarial network. Specifically, our framework consists of (i) a student model and a teacher model for segmenting the target and generating the signed distance maps of object surfaces, and (ii) a discriminator network for extracting hierarchical features and distinguishing the signed distance maps of labeled and unlabeled data. Besides, based on two different adversarial learning processes, a multi-scale feature consistency loss derived from the student and teacher models is proposed, and a shape-aware embedding scheme is integrated into our framework. We evaluated the proposed method on the public brain lesion datasets from ISBI 2015, ISLES 2015, and BRATS 2018 for the multiple sclerosis lesion, ischemic stroke lesion, and brain tumor segmentation respectively. Experiments demonstrate that our method can effectively leverage unlabeled data while outperforming the supervised baseline and other state-of-the-art semi-supervised methods trained with the same labeled data. The proposed framework is suitable for joint training of limited labeled data and additional unlabeled data, which is expected to reduce the effort of obtaining annotated images

Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Fisika Berupa Buletin Dalam Bentuk Buku Saku Untuk Pembelajaran Fisikakelas VIII Materi Gaya Ditinjau Dari Minat Baca Siswa

Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengembangkan media pembelajaran berupa buletin dalam bentuk buku saku untuk pembelajaran Fisika kelas VIII pada materi Gaya ditinjau dari aspek materi, konstruk, dan bahasa serta minat baca siswa. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian pengembangan yang menggunakan metode Research and Development (R&D). Penelitian ini menggunakan model pengembangan model prosedural yaitu model yang bersifat deskriptif yang menunjukkan tahapan-tahapan yang harus diikuti untuk menghasilkan produk berupa media pembelajaran.Jenis data yang diperoleh bersifat kualitatif dan kuantitatif yaitu angket dan wawancara. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media pembelajaran yang dikembangkan berupa buletin Fisika dalam bentuk buku saku memiliki kriteria sangat baik berdasarkan penilaian dari ahli materi, ahli bahasa Indonesia, dan ahli media memberikan rata-rata penilaian sebesar 86,56%. Media pembelajaran yang dikembangkan juga memiliki kriteria sangat baik bila ditinjau dari peningkatan minat baca siswa. Hal ini terbukti pada hasil angket minat baca awal dan akhir yang diberikan kepada siswa yang memberikan rata-rata peningkatan sebesar 11,13%. Selain itu juga dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji-t berpasangan terhadap data masing-masing kelompok uji coba untuk mengetahui signifikansi dari peningkatan minat baca siswa. Untuk uji coba perorangan diperoleh hasil perhitungan thitung = 6,957 > ttabel = 1,943 dan nilai Sig. = 0,001 < 0,05 yang berarti sangat signifikan. Untuk kelompok kecil didapatkan hasil perhitungan bahwa thitung = 7,848 > ttabel = 1,725 dan nilai Sig. = 0,000 < 0,05 yang berarti sangat signifikan. Untuk kelompok besar juga didapatkan hasil perhitungan bahwa thitung = 20,214 > ttabel = 1,725 dan nilai Sig. = 0,000 < 0,05 yang berarti sangat signifikan. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah media pembelajaran berupa buletin dalam bentuk buku saku memiliki kriteria sangat baik bila ditinjau dari aspek materi, konstruk, dan bahasa serta minat baca siswa

A Challenger to GPT-4V? Early Explorations of Gemini in Visual Expertise

The surge of interest towards Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs), e.g., GPT-4V(ision) from OpenAI, has marked a significant trend in both academia and industry. They endow Large Language Models (LLMs) with powerful capabilities in visual understanding, enabling them to tackle diverse multi-modal tasks. Very recently, Google released Gemini, its newest and most capable MLLM built from the ground up for multi-modality. In light of the superior reasoning capabilities, can Gemini challenge GPT-4V's leading position in multi-modal learning? In this paper, we present a preliminary exploration of Gemini Pro's visual understanding proficiency, which comprehensively covers four domains: fundamental perception, advanced cognition, challenging vision tasks, and various expert capacities. We compare Gemini Pro with the state-of-the-art GPT-4V to evaluate its upper limits, along with the latest open-sourced MLLM, Sphinx, which reveals the gap between manual efforts and black-box systems. The qualitative samples indicate that, while GPT-4V and Gemini showcase different answering styles and preferences, they can exhibit comparable visual reasoning capabilities, and Sphinx still trails behind them concerning domain generalizability. Specifically, GPT-4V tends to elaborate detailed explanations and intermediate steps, and Gemini prefers to output a direct and concise answer. The quantitative evaluation on the popular MME benchmark also demonstrates the potential of Gemini to be a strong challenger to GPT-4V. Our early investigation of Gemini also observes some common issues of MLLMs, indicating that there still remains a considerable distance towards artificial general intelligence. Our project for tracking the progress of MLLM is released at https://github.com/BradyFU/Awesome-Multimodal-Large-Language-Models.Comment: Total 120 pages. See our project at https://github.com/BradyFU/Awesome-Multimodal-Large-Language-Model

Development of A Maintenance Device for Bus-bar PT Voltage Air Switch

When PT breaks down, it takes long time of switching operation before maintenance, which seriously delays the restoration time. Based on the principle of multiple circuit, a live replacement maintenance device for PT voltage air switch is proposed. The following aspects are involved in the design of the device: the principle of device, component selection, device’s assembly and operation process. Through functional test in simulation substation and on-site installation, it is proved that the failed air switch can be lively replaced by the device without switching operation, which greatly reduces the risk on power grid caused by such faulted air switch

Development of A Maintenance Device for Bus-bar PT Voltage Air Switch

When PT breaks down, it takes long time of switching operation before maintenance, which seriously delays the restoration time. Based on the principle of multiple circuit, a live replacement maintenance device for PT voltage air switch is proposed. The following aspects are involved in the design of the device: the principle of device, component selection, device’s assembly and operation process. Through functional test in simulation substation and on-site installation, it is proved that the failed air switch can be lively replaced by the device without switching operation, which greatly reduces the risk on power grid caused by such faulted air switch

New Research Progress of the Novel Target Drugs for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

At present, there are many types of drugs for clinical treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) , there are differences in the hypoglycemic mechanisms and safety of traditional hypoglycemic drugs such as thiazolidinediones, sulfonylureas, biguanides, and insulin. In recent years, an assortment of new target drugs has emerged in an endless stream.New target drugs such as glucokinase activators, multi-site receptor agonists for GLP-1, GIP and glucagon, glucagon receptor inhibitors have gradually assembled the necessities of personalized clinical treatment through different mechanisms. This article reviews the current research progress of new target drugs for T2DM, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of clinical research of various new target drugs, in order to provide basic guidance for the clinical treatment of T2DM

CaCO3 supplementation alleviates the inhibition of formic acid on acetone/butanol/ethanol fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum

To investigate the inhibiting effect of formic acid on acetone/butanol/ethanol (ABE) fermentation and explain the mechanism of the alleviation in the inhibiting effect under CaCO3 supplementation condition

Adsorption behavior of levulinic acid onto microporous hyper-cross-linked polymers in aqueous solution: Equilibrium, thermodynamic, kinetic simulation and fixed-bed column studies

The recovery of levulinic acid (LA) from aqueous solution and actual biomass hydrolysate by a micro porous hyper-cross-linked polymer, SY-Ol, was investigated for the first time under batch and fixed-bed column conditions. The results showed that the optimum pH should be in the acidic range (pH<3.0) without adjusting the pH. In the single-component system equilibrium study, the Langmuir isotherm model fits the LA adsorption onto SY-01 resin better than the Freundlich isotherm model, indicating that LA adsorption onto SY-01 resin under the concentration range studied is a monolayer homogeneous adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity of LA onto SY-01 resin decreased with increasing temperature, ranging from 103.74 to 95.70 mg/g. The obtained thermodynamic parameters suggested that the adsorption of LA on SY-Ol was spontaneous (Delta G(0) <-3.788 kJ/mol), and exothermic (Delta H-0 = -11.764 kJ/mol). For kinetic study, the adsorption of LA onto SY-Ol resin at various operating conditions follows the pore diffusion model and the intraparticle diffusion is the rate-limiting step for the adsorption of LA onto SY-01 resin. The effective pore diffusivity was dependent upon temperature, but independent of initial LA concentration, and were 3.306x10(-10), 5.274x10(-10) and 7.707x10(-10) m(2)/ s at 298, 318 and 338 K, respectively. In desorption process, the recovery efficiency of LA from SY-Ol resin was 99.39%, and LA concentration in the eluent was raised 2.97-fold. In conclusion, our results show that the SY-01 resin has potential application in product recovery of LA from biomass hydrolysate. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Extraction and characterization of wax from sugarcane bagasse and the enzymatic hydrolysis of dewaxed sugarcane bagasse

Extraction of high-value products from agricultural wastes is an important component for sustainable bioeconomy development. In this study, wax extraction from sugarcane bagasse was performed and the beneficial effect of dewaxing pretreatment on the enzymatic hydrolysis was investigated. About 1.2% (w/w) of crude sugarcane wax was obtained from the sugarcane bagasse using the mixture of petroleum ether and ethanol (mass ratio of 1:1) as the extraction agent. Results of Fourier-transform infrared characterization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry qualitative analysis showed that the crude sugarcane wax consisted of fatty fractions (fatty acids, fatty aldehydes, hydrocarbons, and esters) and small amount of lignin derivatives. In addition, the effect of dewaxing pretreatment on the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse was also investigated. The digestibilities of cellulose and xylan in dewaxed sugarcane bagasse were 18.7 and 10.3%, respectively, compared with those of 13.1 and 8.9% obtained from native sugarcane bagasse. The dewaxed sugarcane bagasse became more accessible to enzyme due to the disruption of the outermost layer of the waxy materials