Prevalence of antibiotic resistance among bacteria isolates of lower respiratory tract infection in COPD Shahrekord Iran, 2005

Background: Bacterial infection is one of the several important causes of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Antibiotic resistance has increased in all the major pathogens. The objective of this study was investigate frequency of drug resistance of species from LRTs. Methods: This cross sectional study was performed in Hajar hospital of shahrekord-Iran. Protected brush samples were obtained from the lower respiratory tract by bronchoscopy in both hospitalized and ambulatory 54 COPD patients with exacerbations yield. The in vitro susceptibilities of the isolates to 6 antimicrobial agents were then determined by the broth microditution test. Results: Among the s. pneumonia isolates tested 5.9% and 94.1% were intermediate and high level resistant to penicillin and ampicillin respectively. 58.8% of isolates were erythromycin resistance. H.influenzae isolates were 100% resistance to penicillin and ampicillin. Conclusion: Antibiotics are an important part of the treatment of COPD, suggesting that every effort should be made to conserve sensitivity of antibiotic by using them appropriately

The evaluation of Papanicolaou (Pap) smear processing in the health centers of Shahrekord in 2005

چکیده: زمینه و هدف: تست پاپ اسمیر یک روش غربالگری مؤثر جهت بررسی تغییرات سلولی دهانه رحم قبل از تبدیل به سرطان مهاجم دهانه رحم است. این مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی فرآیند انجام تست پاپ اسمیر توسط ماماها و مقایسه میزان کافی بودن نمونه، کیفیت سیتولوژی نمونه و دقت تشخیصی در گزارش سیتولوژیست و پاتولوژیست و توافق این گزارشات انجام شد. روش بررسی: در یک مطالعه توصیفی – تحلیلی در بهار و تابستان 1384، 160 فرآیند پاپ اسمیر از مراکز بهداشتی درمانی شهر شهرکرد به صورت تصادفی انتخاب و به وسیله چک لیست استاندارد، عملکرد ماماها در خصوص نحوه شرح حال گیری و نحوه انجام تست پاپ اسمیر ارزیابی گردید. همچنین به طور تصادفی 360 نمونه پاپ اسمیر را که قبلاً توسط سیتولوژیست گزارش شده بود توسط پاتولوژیست مشاهده و میزان توافق بین گزارشات پاتولوژیست و سیتولوژیست (بر اساس دستورالعمل کشوری گزارش سیتولوژی زنان) به کمک آزمون آماری ضریب توافق کاپا محاسبه گردید. یافته ها: در زمینه شرح حال گیری از بیمار 15/96 عملکرد ماماها خوب و 85/3 موارد عملکرد ضعیف وجود داشت. در زمینه نحوه گرفتن نمونه پاپ اسمیر 72/88 عملکرد ماماها خوب و در 28/11 موارد عملکرد ضعیف بود. در گزارش پاتولوژیست فراوانی کافی بودن نمونه ها 5/85، عفونت ها 3/3، التهاب 4/64 و ناهنجاری سلول اپی تلیال 83/0 بود. توافق معنی داری بین گزارش سیتولوژیست و پاتولوژیست وجود داشت (05/0

Provides a New Way to Enhance Security in the Linux Operating System

The security of the configuration of files in the Linux operating system depends on many factors that can be referenced to the system level and the applicable level. The most important thing about the security of Linux operating systems is its dynamism, for example, when you secure your Linux system, it will not stay safe forever, because applications and cyber criminals through new threats and/or new exploits that are packaged Systems or applications that cause the operating system to become unsafe, for this reason, we need a secure operating system. The main purpose of this article is to provide a new way to enhance the security of the Linux operating system. For this purpose, how can simple, continuous, and practical Linux environment be secured, solutions are presented, also based on performance analysis of the proposed method and evaluation parameters for existing systems against the proposed system, the superiority of this method is introduced

The evaluation of anti-rabies antibody titer in vaccinated individuals in Shahrekord district

زمینه و هدف: هاری بیماری ویروسی است که معمولاً بعد از گزش توسط حیوان هار روی می‌دهد. واکسیناسیون ضد هاری نقش مهمی در پروفیلاکسی بعد از برخورد با عامل بیماری دارد. این تحقیق به منظور تعیین تیتر آنتی بادی در افرادی که در شهرستان شهرکرد 3 تا 5 بار واکسن ضد هاری دریافت کرده بودند، انجام شد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه توصیفی- تحلیلی با استفاده از سوابق موجود در مراکز بهداشتی شهرستان شهرکرد، از 63 نفر از افرادی که پس از گزش حیوان در طی 4 سال واکسن دریافت کرده اند، سرم خون تهیه و تیتر آنتی بادی ضد هاری آنها به روشRFFIT (Rapid Fluorescence Focus Inhibition Test)، مورد بررسی قـــرار گرفت. تیتر آنتی بادی ضد هاری، بیش از 5/. واحد بین المللی، مصون تلقی شد. داده ها به کمک آزمون های آماری t مستقل و اسپیرمن تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته ها: 30 نفر از بیماران 3 نوبت و 33 نفر 5 نوبت واکسن ضد هاری و 5 نفر از مجموعه 63 نفر علاوه بر واکسن، ایمنوگلوبولین HRIG (Human Rabies Immune Globlin) نیز دریافت کرده بودند. میانگین مدت زمانی که از آخرین نوبت واکسیناسیون این افراد می گذشت، 6/9±3/23 ماه و میانگین تیتر آنتی بادی ضد هاری آنها 9/1±5/2 واحد بین المللی بود. 3 نفر (8/4 افراد) دارای تیتر آنتی بادی کمتر از 5/. واحد بین المللی بودند، بین تعداد دفعات دریافت واکسن، جنسیت مجروحین، مدت زمانی که از دریافت آخرین نوبت واکسیناسیون گذشته بود و سن با تیتر آنتی بادی ضد هاری بیماران رابطه معنی داری بدست نیامد. نتیجه گیری: در صورت مواجهه بهتر است تیتر آنتی بادی ضد هاری سرم افراد حیوان گزیده چک شود و کسانی که میزان آنتی بادی آنها زیر استاندارد جهانی است، دوز مجدد واکسن هاری دریافت کنند

Hepatitis B Seroprevalence and Risk Factors in Adult Population of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province in 2013

Background: Hepatitis B virus is one of the important viral causes of liver inflammation with high worldwide prevalence and important hepatic and extra hepatic complications. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran. Patients and Methods: For this descriptive, analytical, population-based study, 3000 participants older than 15 years were enrolled according to the clustering method. After obtaining written informed consent and taking required blood samples, we gathered data on demographic status and probable transmission routes of disease using questionnaire between 2012 and 2013. The data was analyzed using SPSS software (descriptive parameters and chi-square). P value below 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The mean age of participants was 38.4 +/- 16.3. The seroprevalence rate of hepatitis B was found to be 1.3% (95% CI, 0.95%-1.81%). Prevalence of HBeAg among HBsAg positive participants was 2.5% (only 1 of 40). Seroprevalence was higher in male group (2.5 times higher than women), age group of over 55 years, farmers, and non-public occupations. Positive seroprevalence was associated with a history of renal disease, familial transmission, transfusion, surgery in hospital, circumcision, contact with hepatitis B infected individuals, imprisonment, intravenous (IV) drug abuse, and smoking (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, the highest odds ratio (OR) was obtained for history of renal disease (OR = 7.64: 3.01-18.4), followed by imprisonment (OR = 5.4: 1.86-15.7) and IV drug abuse (OR = 5.68: 1.3-24.7). Conclusions: Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province could be categorized as a low endemic region for hepatitis B infection, with a seroprevalence similar to that in other provinces of western Iran. Vaccination seems to influence its decrease, especially in adolescents and youth. More surveillance and attention to risk factors are suggested to identify high-risk groups and to implement vaccination

Assessing growth parameters of children with congenital hypothyroidism subject to levothyroxine treatment compared to normal growth parameters in healthy newborns

Background and aims: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is one of the most common treatable physical growth disorders leading to mental retardation. Most cases of this disease can be detected through the neonatal screening program. Given the high prevalence of this disease and the implementation of screening programs in recent years in Iran, this study aimed to assess the growth indices of newborns with CH. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, 66 newborns with CH detected in the screening program in Shahrekord were selected by a census sampling method. Overall, 125 healthy newborns were also selected as controls by the convenience sampling technique according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The height, weight, head circumference, and body mass index (BMI) of the samples were measured and then the mean, median, standard deviation, as well as the 3rd, 15th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 85th, and 97th percentiles in the two groups were determined and compared based on gender and age group. Results: The height, weight, head circumference, and BMI of the boys, in addition to the head circumference and BMI of the girls, were not significantly different from those of the controls (P>0.05). However, the height and weight of the girls were significantly lower compared to those in the control group, although the difference in the weight was corrected at the age of 9 months. Conclusion: In general, the growth indices of newborns with CH were lower than those of the controls. This difference was significant only for the weight and height of girls with CH. Keywords: Congenital hypothyroidism, Growth indices, Newborn Screenin

The Effect of Self-Management Educational Program on Pain Intensity in Elderly Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis is one of the chronic diseases that greatly affect the health and life quality of individuals.AIM: This study aimed to determine the effect of self-management educational program on the pain intensity of the elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis.METHODS: In a randomised clinical trial, a total of 82 elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received six sessions of self-management group education, while the control group received only the routine care during this period. In both groups, patients’ pain intensity, with a visual analogue scale (VAS), were assessed before, immediately after and eight weeks after the start of the study.RESULTS: The mean pain intensity scores of the intervention and control groups were not significantly different before the intervention (P = 0.9), but after the intervention, the mean pain intensity score in the intervention group (3.61 ± 2.36) was significantly lower than that of the control group (4.93 ± 2.00), (P &lt; 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Implementation of a self-management program for the patients with knee osteoarthritis is useful in reducing their pain intensity and can be used as one of the effective methods for their empowerment

First seroprevalence survey of children with tularemia infection in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province, Iran

Background and Objectives: An increasing number of tularemia was reported in all over the world. This infection is characterized by different clinical syndromes that can be considered in differential diagnosis of infectious disease. Despite effective antibiotics against Francisella tularensis, this infection is still as one of the agent of mortality and disability among infectious disease. The aim of this study was investigation of seroepidemiological of F. tuleransis among children between 2-18 years old in a risky zone in Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional, laboratory-based study in two distinct villages Saragha seyed and Khoye in Chaharmahal va bakhtiari Province involved 183 children, adolescents who had no sign and symptom of disease and were screened for tularemia immunoglobulins G (IgG), using the ELISA-based quantitative assay. Results: In general, from 183 children 11 persons (6) were seropositive, compared with 172 persons (94) were seronegative. Conclusion: According to the high prevalence of antibodies against F. tularensis in this study, this infection must be considered as differential diagnosis of infectious disease in suspect patients

The effect of progressive muscle relaxation on anxiety and stress in nursing students at the beginning of the internship program

Background and aims: Anxiety is a complicated process appearing from low to high which may reduce the learning ability. It is common among nurses as they struggle to cope with increasingly complicated stressors such as examinations, article preparation and practical experiences. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of muscle relaxation on reduction of anxiety in nursing students before starting the internship program. Methods: In this study, 40 nursing students who were going to start their internship program were randomly divided into two equal groups. Before starting the internship program, all students were asked to fill a questionnaire (Spielberger Test Anxiety) to measure their anxiety. In addition, physiological parameters (blood pressure, pulse, respiration, temperature) were collected before and after the study in both groups. During a 45-min session, muscle relaxation training was given to the test group. Muscle relaxation practice was continued three times per day for two weeks. Two weeks after starting the internship, Spiel Berger Test Anxiety and physiological parameters were collected again in both groups. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and t tests. Results: The average age of the students in both groups was 22.7±2 (range=21 to 25 years) and the majority of the students were female (75%). No significant difference was observed between two groups for willingness to the nursing profession, birth rank and the average scores of the students from the previous years. The average anxiety score in control group before and after the study was 27.5±10.2 and 28.3±8.8 respectively (P>0.05). Average anxiety score in test group before and after the study was 25.4±19.5 and 29.2±14.1 respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: To alleviate stressors associated with practical practice and create a healthy work environment for practice, it is recommended that nursing students have some progressive muscle relaxation before entering practical environments

Comparison of Dabigatran vs. Warfarin in Acute Vnous Thromboemboly: Systematic Review

Abstract Acute Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) is a common disease associated with the significant morbidity and mortality. We reviewed clinical outcomes systematically with Dabigatran as a direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) for treatment of acute VTE. We used Ovide, PubMed, Cochrane (CENTRAL), EMBASE, Scopus, Science Direct, LILAC(for article written not English) and also Iranian database; Magiran, Isc, Iran Medex, Iran DOC, Doaj up to May 2014 to identify randomized clinical trials of Dabigatran compared with conventional treatment for VTE. Two investigators extracted data independently. Number of 5107 patients including two trails were selected. The risk of recurrent VTE was similar with the Dabigatran and standard treatment (Hazard Ratio, 95% confidence interval 1.09 (0.76-1.57). Dabigatran reduced the risk of minor bleeding in comparison with standard treatment; Warfarin (0.62) (0.50-0.76). Finally-in minor bleeding-the Dabigatran seemed as effective as, and probably safer than standard treatment of acute VTE. But in some aspects such as adherence to treatment, pregnant patient, impact on quality of life, new researches are needed to be clarified