Evaluation of in vitro antihelmintic activity of leaves of Butea monosperma

The preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out on the crude extracts of the leaves of Butea Monosperma Lam along with ash values and extractive values on the powdered drug. The crude extracts were investigated for their anthelmintic activity against earthworms (Pheretima posthuma), roundworms (Ascardia galli.) and tapeworms (Raillietina spiralis). Three concentrations (25, 50 and 100 mg/mL) of each extract were studied in activity, which involved the determination of time of paralysis and time of death of the worm. Alcohol and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at highest concentration of 100 mg/mL. Albendazole in same concentration as those of extracts was included as standard reference and Di-methyl formamide as control. The anthelmintic activity of alcohol and ethyl acetate extracts of leaves of Butea Monosperma has therefore been demonstrated for the first time.Keywords: Anthelmintic Activity, Butea Monosperma, Pheretima Posthuma. Ascardia Galli, Raillietina spiralis, DMF (di-methyl formamide

Zigbee Based Wireless Fire Security Node Design using FPGA whose Monitoring and Controlling through LabVIEW

The goal of this paper is to style a wireless detector node mistreatment FPGA for fireplace observance and management. FPGA is employed within the wireless detector node style so as to boost the process capabilities of the system to attain the target applications. The detector nodes during a wireless detector network square measure sometimes microcontroller based mostly that square measure having inadequate machine capability involving numerous applications. This paper depicts the choice, specification associate in nursing realization of wireless device node exploitation   the field programmable gate array (FPGA) based mostly design for an early finding of dangers (e.g., fire and smoke). The FPGAs in its place area unit additional knowledgeable for classy computations in compare to microcontrollers. Another profit of exploitation FPGA is additionally thanks to its reconfigurable characteristic while not neutering the hardware itself. The node is enforced mistreatment Spartan 3AN FPGA board from xilinx. A style of straightforward hardware circuit with totally different sort of sensors allows every user to use this wireless hearth security system. The FPGA can endlessly supervise all the sensors and sends the data to the PC central observance and dominant station wirelessly mistreatment Zigbee technology. The system is predicated on the LabVIEW software

Evaluation of in vitro antihelmintic activity of leaves of Butea monosperma

The preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out on the crude extracts of the leaves of Butea Monosperma Lam along with ash values and extractive values on the powdered drug. The crude extracts were investigated for their anthelmintic activity against earthworms (Pheretima posthuma), roundworms (Ascardia galli.) and tapeworms (Raillietina spiralis). Three concentrations (25, 50 and 100 mg/mL) of each extract were studied in activity, which involved the determination of time of paralysis and time of death of the worm. Alcohol and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at highest concentration of 100 mg/mL. Albendazole in same concentration as those of extracts was included as standard reference and Di-methyl formamide as control. The anthelmintic activity of alcohol and ethyl acetate extracts of leaves of Butea Monosperma has therefore been demonstrated for the first time.Keywords: Anthelmintic Activity, Butea Monosperma, Pheretima Posthuma. Ascardia Galli, Raillietina spiralis, DMF (di-methyl formamide

Genome-wide association study uncovers genomic regions associated with grain iron, zinc and protein content in pearl millet

Pearl millet hybrids biofortified with iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) promise to be part of a long-term strategy to combat micronutrient malnutrition in the arid and semi-arid tropical (SAT) regions of the world. Biofortification through molecular breeding is the way forward to achieving a rapid trait-based breeding strategy. This genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to identify significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) for Fe, Zn, and protein content (PC) for enhanced biofortification breeding. A diverse panel of 281 advanced inbred lines was evaluated for Fe, Zn, and PC over two seasons. Phenotypic evaluation revealed high variability (Fe: 32–120 mg kg−1, Zn: 19–87 mg kg−1, PC: 8–16%), heritability (hbs2 ≥ 90%) and significantly positive correlation among Fe, Zn and PC (P = 0.01), implying concurrent improvement. Based on the Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) seq assay, 58,719 highly informative SNPs were filtered for association mapping. Population structure analysis showed six major genetic groups (K = 6). A total of 78 MTAs were identified, of which 18 were associated with Fe, 43 with Zn, and 17 with PC. Four SNPs viz., Pgl04_64673688, Pgl05_135500493, Pgl05_144482656, and Pgl07_101483782 located on chromosomes Pgl04 (1), Pgl05 (2) and Pgl07 (1), respectively were co-segregated for Fe and Zn. Promising genes, ‘Late embryogenesis abundant protein’, ‘Myb domain’, ‘pentatricopeptide repeat’, and ‘iron ion binding’ coded by 8 SNPs were identified. The SNPs/genes identified in the present study presents prospects for genomics assisted biofortification breeding in pearl millet

Integrated analysis of carotenoid metabolites and transcriptome identifies key genes controlling carotenoid compositions and content in sweetpotato tuberous roots (Ipomoea batatas L.)

Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) with different depths of yellow color contains different compositions of carotenoids, which are beneficial for human health. In this study, we performed an integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic to identify key genes playing a major role in carotenoid coloration in sweetpotato tuberous roots. Herein, 14 carotenoids were identified in five sweetpotatoes. Orange-red and orange cultivars were dominated by β-carotene (385.33 μg/g and 85.07 μg/g), yellow cultivar had a high β-cryptoxanthin (11.23 μg/g), light-yellow cultivar was rich in zeaxanthin (5.12 μg/g), whereas lutein (3.34 μg/g) was the main carotenoid in white cultivar. Furthermore, 27 differentially expressed genes involved in carotenoid metabolism were identified based on comparative transcriptome. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified 15 transcription factors highly associated with carotenoid content in sweetpotatoes. These results provide valuable information for revealing the regulatory mechanism of carotenoid metabolism in different-colored sweetpotato tuberous roots

Improvement of three popular Indian groundnut varieties for foliar disease resistance and high oleic acid using SSR markers and SNP array in marker-assisted backcrossing

Foliar fungal diseases (rust and late leaf spot) incur large yield losses, in addition to the deterioration of fodder quality in groundnut worldwide. High oleic acid has emerged as a key market trait in groundnut, as it increases the shelf life of the produce/products in addition to providing health benefits to consumers. Marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) is the most successful approach to introgressing or pyramiding one or more traits using traitlinked markers. We used MABC to improve three popular Indian cultivars (GJG 9, GG 20, and GJGHPS 1) for foliar disease resistance (FDR) and high oleic acid content. A total of 22 BC3F4 and 30 BC2F4 introgression lines (ILs) for FDR and 46 BC3F4 and 41 BC2F4 ILs for high oleic acid were developed. Recurrent parent genome analysis using the 58 K Axiom_Arachis array identified several lines showing upto 94% of genome recovery among second and third backcross progenies. Phenotyping of these ILs revealed FDR scores comparable to the resistant parent, GPBD 4, and ILs with high (~80%) oleic acid in addition to high genome recovery. These ILs provide further opportunities for pyramiding FDR and high oleic acid in all three genetic backgrounds as well as for conducting multi-location yield trials for further evaluation and release for cultivation in target regions of India

Comparative transcriptome analysis identified candidate genes for late leaf spot resistance and cause of defoliation in groundnut

Late leaf spot (LLS) caused by fungus Nothopassalora personata in groundnut is responsible for up to 50% yield loss. To dissect the complex nature of LLS resistance, comparative transcriptome analysis was performed using resistant (GPBD 4), susceptible (TAG 24) and a resistant introgression line (ICGV 13208) and identified a total of 12,164 and 9954 DEGs (differentially expressed genes) respectively in A- and B-subgenomes of tetraploid groundnut. There were 135 and 136 unique pathways triggered in A- and B-subgenomes, respectively, upon N. personata infection. Highly upregulated putative disease resistance genes, an RPP-13 like (Aradu.P20JR) and a NBS-LRR (Aradu.Z87JB) were identified on chromosome A02 and A03, respectively, for LLS resistance. Mildew resistance Locus (MLOs)-like proteins, heavy metal transport proteins, and ubiquitin protein ligase showed trend of upregulation in susceptible genotypes, while tetratricopeptide repeats (TPR), pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR), chitinases, glutathione S-transferases, purple acid phosphatases showed upregulation in resistant genotypes. However, the highly expressed ethylene responsive factor (ERF) and ethylene responsive nuclear protein (ERF2), and early responsive dehydration gene (ERD) might be related to the possible causes of defoliation in susceptible genotypes. The identified disease resistance genes can be deployed in genomics-assisted breeding for development of LLS resistant cultivars to reduce the yield loss in groundnut

Single seed-based high-throughput genotyping and rapid generation advancement for accelerated groundnut genetics and breeding research

The groundnut breeding program at International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics routinely performs marker-based early generation selection (MEGS) in thousands of segregating populations. The existing MEGS includes planting of segregating populations in fields or glasshouses, label tagging, and sample collection using leaf-punch from 20–25 day old plants followed by genotyping with 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms based early generation selection marker panels in a high throughput genotyping (HTPG) platform. The entire process is laborious, time consuming, and costly. Therefore, in order to save the time of the breeder and to reduce the cost during MEGS, we optimized a single seed chipping (SSC) process based MEGS protocol and deployed on large scale by genotyping >3000 samples from ongoing groundnut breeding program. In SSC-based MEGS, we used a small portion of cotyledon by slicing-off the posterior end of the single seed and transferred to the 96-deep well plate for DNA isolation and genotyping at HTPG platform. The chipped seeds were placed in 96-well seed-box in the same order of 96-well DNA sampling plate to enable tracking back to the selected individual seed. A high germination rate of 95–99% from the chipped seeds indicated that slicing of seeds from posterior end does not significantly affect germination percentage. In addition, we could successfully advance 3.5 generations in a year using a low-cost rapid generation turnover glass-house facility as compared to routine practice of two generations in field conditions. The integration of SSC based genotyping and rapid generation advancement (RGA) could significantly reduce the operational requirement of person-hours and expenses, and save a period of 6–8 months in groundnut genetics and breeding research