Homage to Professor Shinko Ogiwara

<p><b><i>Primula undulifolia</i> sp. nov.</b> (A) Habit in Flowering; (B) Type Locality; (C) Calyx; (D) Pin and Thrum Flowers; (E) Leaf. Photographed by Yuan XU.</p

Kruskal–Wallis test results.

Educational resource utilization efficiency (ERUE) and productivity growth are considered current global challenges that the modern world faces. This study evaluates the educational resource utilization efficiency, dynamic productivity change, and regional discrepancies in technologies involved in educational resource utilization in 35 European countries and four regions. DEA Super SBM, Meta frontier analysis, and Malmquist productivity index are employed to gauge the ERUE, technology gap ratio (TGR), and total factor education resources productivity change. A set of inputs and outputs is used from 35 European countries for the study period of 1998–2021. Results revealed that the average ERUE in European countries is 0.6312, Which indicates a 36.88% improvement potential in educational resource utilization. Southern Europe continuously exhibits superior average ERUE scores (0.6871) compared to other regions, indicating a higher efficiency in using educational resources. Luxembourg (1.0813), Czechia (0.9356), and Slovenia (0.8984) are found to be the top three performers in terms of ERUE level. The technology gap ratio value is highest in Southern Europe. It demonstrates that southern European countries used the most advanced technology in education resource utilization. The average Malmquist Index (MI) in European countries is 1.0349. It Indicates a 3.49% growth in educational resource utilization. Technology is the primary determinant of productivity growth, as Technological change is higher than efficiency change. Southern European countries showed the highest MI of 1.0542. Italy, Lithuania, and Serbia were found to have higher average MI scores over the study period (1998–2021). Finally, the Kruskal Wallis test proved that ERUE and TGR in 4 different regions of Europe are heterogeneous. In contrast, the MI in European regions isn’t found to be significantly different.</div

Meta frontier, group frontier, and TGR in educational resources of European countries.

Meta frontier, group frontier, and TGR in educational resources of European countries.</p

Average ERUE in European countries.

Educational resource utilization efficiency (ERUE) and productivity growth are considered current global challenges that the modern world faces. This study evaluates the educational resource utilization efficiency, dynamic productivity change, and regional discrepancies in technologies involved in educational resource utilization in 35 European countries and four regions. DEA Super SBM, Meta frontier analysis, and Malmquist productivity index are employed to gauge the ERUE, technology gap ratio (TGR), and total factor education resources productivity change. A set of inputs and outputs is used from 35 European countries for the study period of 1998–2021. Results revealed that the average ERUE in European countries is 0.6312, Which indicates a 36.88% improvement potential in educational resource utilization. Southern Europe continuously exhibits superior average ERUE scores (0.6871) compared to other regions, indicating a higher efficiency in using educational resources. Luxembourg (1.0813), Czechia (0.9356), and Slovenia (0.8984) are found to be the top three performers in terms of ERUE level. The technology gap ratio value is highest in Southern Europe. It demonstrates that southern European countries used the most advanced technology in education resource utilization. The average Malmquist Index (MI) in European countries is 1.0349. It Indicates a 3.49% growth in educational resource utilization. Technology is the primary determinant of productivity growth, as Technological change is higher than efficiency change. Southern European countries showed the highest MI of 1.0542. Italy, Lithuania, and Serbia were found to have higher average MI scores over the study period (1998–2021). Finally, the Kruskal Wallis test proved that ERUE and TGR in 4 different regions of Europe are heterogeneous. In contrast, the MI in European regions isn’t found to be significantly different.</div

Variables employed to estimate the educational resources utilization efficiency.

Variables employed to estimate the educational resources utilization efficiency.</p

Average TGR in 4 regions of Europe.

Educational resource utilization efficiency (ERUE) and productivity growth are considered current global challenges that the modern world faces. This study evaluates the educational resource utilization efficiency, dynamic productivity change, and regional discrepancies in technologies involved in educational resource utilization in 35 European countries and four regions. DEA Super SBM, Meta frontier analysis, and Malmquist productivity index are employed to gauge the ERUE, technology gap ratio (TGR), and total factor education resources productivity change. A set of inputs and outputs is used from 35 European countries for the study period of 1998–2021. Results revealed that the average ERUE in European countries is 0.6312, Which indicates a 36.88% improvement potential in educational resource utilization. Southern Europe continuously exhibits superior average ERUE scores (0.6871) compared to other regions, indicating a higher efficiency in using educational resources. Luxembourg (1.0813), Czechia (0.9356), and Slovenia (0.8984) are found to be the top three performers in terms of ERUE level. The technology gap ratio value is highest in Southern Europe. It demonstrates that southern European countries used the most advanced technology in education resource utilization. The average Malmquist Index (MI) in European countries is 1.0349. It Indicates a 3.49% growth in educational resource utilization. Technology is the primary determinant of productivity growth, as Technological change is higher than efficiency change. Southern European countries showed the highest MI of 1.0542. Italy, Lithuania, and Serbia were found to have higher average MI scores over the study period (1998–2021). Finally, the Kruskal Wallis test proved that ERUE and TGR in 4 different regions of Europe are heterogeneous. In contrast, the MI in European regions isn’t found to be significantly different.</div

Technological Gap ratio (TGR) in four different regions (1998–2021).

Technological Gap ratio (TGR) in four different regions (1998–2021).</p

ERUE, MI and TGR distribution in 4 European regions.

ERUE, MI and TGR distribution in 4 European regions.</p

ERUE (group frontier) in 35 European countries.

Educational resource utilization efficiency (ERUE) and productivity growth are considered current global challenges that the modern world faces. This study evaluates the educational resource utilization efficiency, dynamic productivity change, and regional discrepancies in technologies involved in educational resource utilization in 35 European countries and four regions. DEA Super SBM, Meta frontier analysis, and Malmquist productivity index are employed to gauge the ERUE, technology gap ratio (TGR), and total factor education resources productivity change. A set of inputs and outputs is used from 35 European countries for the study period of 1998–2021. Results revealed that the average ERUE in European countries is 0.6312, Which indicates a 36.88% improvement potential in educational resource utilization. Southern Europe continuously exhibits superior average ERUE scores (0.6871) compared to other regions, indicating a higher efficiency in using educational resources. Luxembourg (1.0813), Czechia (0.9356), and Slovenia (0.8984) are found to be the top three performers in terms of ERUE level. The technology gap ratio value is highest in Southern Europe. It demonstrates that southern European countries used the most advanced technology in education resource utilization. The average Malmquist Index (MI) in European countries is 1.0349. It Indicates a 3.49% growth in educational resource utilization. Technology is the primary determinant of productivity growth, as Technological change is higher than efficiency change. Southern European countries showed the highest MI of 1.0542. Italy, Lithuania, and Serbia were found to have higher average MI scores over the study period (1998–2021). Finally, the Kruskal Wallis test proved that ERUE and TGR in 4 different regions of Europe are heterogeneous. In contrast, the MI in European regions isn’t found to be significantly different.</div

Malmquist Index, efficiency change and technology change in educational resources utilization of 35 European countries.

Malmquist Index, efficiency change and technology change in educational resources utilization of 35 European countries.</p