Pumping System of Heavy Oil Production

The geological features of the hydrocarbon reservoir and the inconsequential mobility of the heavy oil make the recovery process challenging. Recently, commercial interest has been developed in heavy oil production systems with the advent of improved drainage area by drilling multilateral and horizontal wells and highly deviated wells at shallow reservoirs. Moreover, other new recovery methods were developed such as downhole technologies that include cold or thermal production. Commonly, artificial lift techniques are utilized when the well cannot offload naturally at its economical rate. This is applicable for heavy oil reservoirs, where high viscosity along with the reservoir pressure drop will avoid the wells to produce naturally. Producing heavy oil together with associated water from the reservoir can create emulsions, which may cause high loads on artificial lift methods, along with high power consumption and requirements of expensive chemicals. The optimization and the selection of handling viscous oils; had a fundamental impact on the development of pimps. This chapter reviews the applications and types of pumping systems as an artificial lift in the heavy oil production process and reviews the pumping system performance, and its future development, as well as the expected technical challenges

Theatrical Translation and Film Adaptation: A Practitioner’s View

Translated novels and poems often arrive footnoted with “cultural notes” on words and allusions obscure to the reader’s cultural heritage. But translations of performances – whether of theatrical or cinematic dramas – have no recourse to such devices. The language experienced in performance has all the transience of an eavesdropped conversation, with no opportunity for review or back channeling: the immediacy of the audience’s engagement restricts the range of options available to the translator. Zatlin’s text Theatrical Translation & Film Adaptation: A Practitioner’s View focuses on the distinctive challenges for translators of these forms, and offers a wealth of practical experience for those willing to take on the task of dramatic translation. An experienced and adept theatrical translator herself, Zatlin focuses the first half of her text on theatrical translation (chapters 1 through 5), followed by a brief bridge chapter on subtitling and dubbing for theatre and film (chapter 6), and finally, a discussion of the film adaptation of theatrical pieces (chapters 7 and 8)

Negotiation of Identities in Multilingual Contexts

Post-modern, post-structural, and post-colonial thought have brought to the fore new and productive metaphors for understanding social life, challenging normative ideologies that restrict the deployment of certain personal identities. By surfacing implicit power relations traditionally accepted as common sense (Bourdieu, Foucault), locating fissures and intertextualities within discourses previously considered stable and coherent (Bakhtin, Derrida), and elucidating third spaces between dichotomous identity labels (Butler, Bhabha), critical thinkers in this vein have undermined the notion of an essentially stable self and encouraged exploration of social identity as a complex and shifting phenomenon. These commitments in turn offer profound critiques of socio-political structures in the name of liberating oppressed – or dispreferred – selves. However, with their inherently political stance and disregard for strict empirical inquiry, these discourses have simultaneously generated their own counter-productive biases and naiveties

Temporal Practice Online: Navigating “Now” and “Then” in a Web-based ESL Course

New pedagogical models are emerging to attend to the needs of ESL learners who may have to communicate online in their second language. The goal-based scenario approach, as deployed in Columbia Interactive’s American Business Writing program, offers one such solution, allowing students to interact with fictional interlocutors in an online business simulation. Involvement in this learning environment forces students to experience two time frames simultaneously — the learning environment of real-time and the fictional environment of the online scenario. The overlapping of the two environments would seem to problematize the communication of temporal and spatial relations, yet effective business correspondence, where speed and clarity are essential, requires clear temporal anchoring. In this study, I investigate how learners navigate the time frames of a web-enabled learning experience and acquire pragmatic skills. Using assignments submitted in a Columbia Interactive course, I explore temporal practice in an online role-play. The data shows that students leave linguistic tracks of two time streams in their assignments, usually maintaining clear boundaries between the “here-now” of real-time and the “there-then” of scenario time, but occasionally weaving the two in inventive – and pedagogically satisfying – ways

Effect of flow patterns on two-phase flow rate in vertical pipes

During two-phase gas-liquid flow in pipelines, the fluids may take up different flow patterns. The exact nature of the flow pattern varies according to conduit size and geometry, fluids’ properties, and each phase’s velocity. When the conduit size and fluid properties are constant, then any changes in individual flow rates will result in changes to the flow regime. Predicting the flow patterns within a pipe is essential as it is a critical parameter that determines the pressure gradient and liquid holdup in the conduit. This paper presents the results in predicting the multiphase flow patterns and their effects on flow measurements in vertical pipes. The study was conducted on vertical upward multiphase flow using well and reservoir properties. OLGA dynamic simulator was used to predict flow pattern in a vertical pipeline for 35 oil wells using electrical submersible pumps (ESP) with external pipe diameters of 3.5 inch. The predicted oil flow rates of 35 ESP oil wells were compared with measured flow rates and a good agreement was observed. Indeed, the results indicated that the variation of the flow pattern had insignificant impact and it was insensitive to the accuracy of the flow rate values of the ESP oil wells where the average overall flow rates accuracy was lower than +/-10%. Additionally, simulation results demonstrated a promising model performance and showed the magnitude of possible variation between the oil rates measured with different methods

Experimental investigation of gas–oil–water phase flow in vertical pipes: influence of gas injection on the total pressure gradient

Experimental work has been conducted to study the infuence of gas injection on the phase inversion between oil and water fowing in a vertical pipe. A vertical transparent pipe test section line of 40 mm ID and 50 cm length was used. The test fuids used were synthetic oil and fltered tap water. Measurements were taken for mixture velocity, superfcial water velocity, superfcial gas velocity, and input superfcial oil velocity ranging from 0.4 to 3 m/s, 0.18 to 2 m/s, 0 to 0.9 m/s, and 0 to 1.1 m/s. Most of the experiments were conducted more than two times, and the reproducibility of the experiments was quite good. Special attention was given to the efect of oil and water concentration where phase inversion took place with and without gas injection. The results showed that the phase inversion point was close to water fraction of ~30%, for both water friction direction changes (from water to oil or from oil to water) and that the efective viscosity increases once the mixture velocity increases. On the other hand, the results with gas injection showed that gas injection had no efect on the oil or water concentration where phase inversion occurred. Furthermore, the study investigated the efect of gas–oil–water superfcial velocity on the total pressure gradient in the vertical pipe. It was found that the total pressure gradient was fast and increased at high superfcial gas velocity but was slow at low superfcial gas velocity. When the superfcial oil velocity increased, the total pressure gradient approached the pressure gradient of an oil–water two-phase fow. The obtained results were compared with few correlations found in the literature, and the comparison showed that the uncertainty of the fow pattern transition peak in this study is very lo

Experimental study to evaluate the environmental impacts of disposed produced water on the surrounding ecosystems

The large volume and high salinity of produced water (PW) could pose severe environmental impacts. This paper presents the laboratory results on PW from G oil field, located in North Africa, and on groundwater samples from nearby freshwater wells, in order to best comprehend the chemical composition of PW and to evaluate their potential impact on the surrounding environment of this oil field. Such a sizeable data set can make it difficult to integrate, interpret and represent the results. Thus, multivariate statistical techniques were used in the usefulness evaluation of geochemical groundwater control process classification and identification. Principal component analysis of produced water identified three components: the first being a salinization factor that accounted for 53.6% of the overall variance; the second accounted for 24.3% of overall variance and was mostly dictated by scale forming potential; and the third component (12.3% of total variance) representing the quality of the water formed by the rock water interaction. The aforementioned components demonstrated that the quality of discharged produced water didn’t meet national or international standards. For the groundwater analysis, two principal components/clusters were identified. The first one (69.6% of total variance) represented the hardness and salinity of the water, and the second one (18.4% of total variance) can be regarded as the overall effect of weathering and interactions between water and rock on the groundwater quality factor in general. The analysis did not show any contamination in groundwater at the G oil field and in the nearby farms water wells

Un développement rapide de la formation technique et professionnelle

La rénovation de la formation technique et professionnelle (FTP) est un enjeu très important aujourd’hui au Kazakhstan. Ce nouveau pays, en pleine croissance économique, cherche à renforcer ce secteur pour pérenniser son développement, basé jusqu’à présent sur l’exportation des ressources naturelles. Au cours des cinq dernières années, la FTP a connu une importante progression quantitative, avec des financements étatiques conséquents. Le financement public du secteur a été multiplie par 3,1 s..

Analytical model for predicting frictional pressure drop in upward vertical two-phase flowing wells

In multiphase flow engineering operations, the pipelines that convey viscous fluids are subjected to interior friction where the pipe wall meets the fluid. The friction on the inner surface of the pipe causes energy losses. The losses are exhibited as a progressive pressure drop over the length of the pipe that varies with the fluid flow rate. This study develops a computational method to estimate the pressure change at any flow condition of multiphase flow (oil, gas, and water) inside a vertical pipe by developing fluid mechanics equations and using empirical correlations. Darcy and Colebrook friction factor correlations were used to ratify the predicted frictional pressure drop by computational method outcomes. OLGA dynamic simulation software was used to validate the accuracy of the computational method results. A sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the performance of the developed computational method, by using different well flow rate, pipe size diameter, and fluid properties. The frictional pressure drop estimation by computational method has acceptable accuracy and it is located within the accepted average relative error band (±20%). The overall performance of the method is satisfactory when compared with other observations

Reliability analysis of multiphase flow measurements in different oil fields

The significant challenge in the oil and gas industry is the simultaneous measurement of commingled gas, oil, and water streams using separators or multiphase flow meters (MPFM). A major issue when using either test separator or MPFM in oil fields is the uncertainty of the measurements. The aim of this study is to compare three-phase test separator results with MPFM measurements by evaluating field test results from different oil fields in South East Asia, the Middle East, the Mediterranean region, and North Africa for a total of 41 oil wells from different oil fields. Generally, the results show wide variation of the liquid rate measurements between the conventional test separator and MPFM over several periods of time. Such differences, which can be caused by various conditions, become problematic since they impede the accurate estimation of a well’s output and add a degree of uncertainty to any plans to optimize production. A detailed review of each parameter is presented along with its sensitivities when determining the flow rates of oil, gas and water. To date, there are no sets of rules proving the technique for comparison between the test separator and the multiphase flow meter