Effect of chromium (VI) on the multiple nitrogen removal pathways and microbial community of aerobic granular sludge

<p>The frequent appearance of Cr(VI) significantly impacts the microbial metabolism in wastewater. In this study, long-term effects of Cr(VI) on microbial community, nitrogen removal pathways and mechanism of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) were investigated. AGS had strong resistance ability to 1.0 mg/L Cr(VI). 3.0 mg/L Cr(VI) increased the heterotrophic-specific ammonia uptake rate (HSAUR) and heterotrophic-specific nitrate uptake rate (HSNUR) transiently, whereas 5.0 mg/L Cr(VI) sharply decreased the specific ammonia uptake rate (SAUR), specific nitrate uptake rate (SNUR) and simultaneous nitrification denitrification rate (SNDR). It was found that Cr (VI) has a greater inhibitory effect on autotrophic nitrification (ASAUR), and the maximal inhibition rate (IR) was 139.19%. Besides, the inhibition of Cr (VI) on nitrogen removal process belongs to non-competitive inhibition. Cr(VI) had a weaker negative impact on heterotrophic bacteria compared with that on autotrophic bacteria. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analyses suggest that <i>Acidovorax</i> sp., <i>flavobacterium</i> sp., <i>uncultured soil bacterium</i>, <i>uncultured nitrosospira</i> sp., <i>uncultured prokaryote</i>, <i>uncultured β-proteobacterium</i> and <i>uncultured pseudomonas</i> sp. were the dominant species. The inhibition of Cr(VI) on nitrite-oxidizing bacteria was the strongest, followed by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and denitrifying bacteria. Linear correlations between bacterial count and biomass-specific uptake rate were observed when the Cr(VI) concentration exceeded 3 mg/L. This study revealed the effect of Cr(VI) on nitrification is more serious than that on denitrification. Autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification, heterotrophic denitrification and simultaneous nitrification denitrification played a significant role on nitrogen removal under Cr(VI) stress.</p

Response of Aerobic Granular Sludge to the Long-Term Presence of CuO NPs in A/O/A SBRs: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal, Enzymatic Activity, and the Microbial Community

The increasing use of cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) has raised concerns about their potential environmental toxicity. Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is a special form of microbial aggregates. In this study, the removal efficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus, enzyme activities and microbial community of AGS under long-term exposure to CuO NPs (at concentrations of 5, 20, 50 mg/L) in aerobic/oxic/anoxic (A/O/A) sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were investigated. The results showed the chronic toxicity caused by different concentrations of CuO NPs (5, 20, 50 mg/L) resulted in increases in the production of ROS of 110.37%, 178.64%, and 188.93% and in the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of 108.33%, 297.05%, 335.94%, respectively, compared to the control. Besides, CuO NPs decreased the activities of polyphosphate kinase (PPK) and exophosphatase (PPX), leading to lower phosphorus removal efficiency. However, the NH₄⁺-N removal rates remained stable, and the removal efficiencies of TN increased due to the synthesis of nitrite and nitrous oxide (N₂O) reductases. In addition, CuO NPs at concentrations of 0, 5, 20 mg/L increased the secretion of protein (PN) to 90, 91, 105 mg/gVSS, respectively, which could alleviate the toxicity of CuO NPs. High-throughput sequencing showed that CuO NPs increased the abundance of nitrogen-removal bacteria and reduced the abundance of phosphorus-removal bacteria, which is consistent with the results of pollutant removal upon long-term exposure to CuO NPs

Decreased platelet miR-199a-5p level might lead to high on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity in patients with coronary artery disease

Clopidogrel combined with aspirin is widely used in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, while some patients exhibit high platelet activity when receiving the combined treatment. Current environmental and genetic factors could only explain part of the variability in clopidogrel efficacy. Human platelets harbor abundant miRNAs which might affect clopidogrel efficacy by regulating the expression of key proteins in the clopidogrel antiplatelet signaling pathway. This study aimed to investigate the association between platelet miRNA levels and clopidogrel efficacy. Here we recruited 508 CAD patients who underwent clopidogrel antiplatelet therapy and determined the platelet reactivity index (PRI) to evaluate antiplatelet reactivity responses to clopidogrel. Subsequently, 22 patients with extreme clopidogrel response were selected for platelet small RNA sequencing. Another 41 CAD patients taking clopidogrel were collected to verify the differentially expressed candidate miRNAs. We found the metabolic types of the CYP2C19 enzyme (based on CYP2C19 * 2 and * 3 polymorphisms) could significantly affect the PRI of CAD patients with or without percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in Chinese. A total of 43 miRNAs were differentially expressed in the platelets from the 22 extreme clopidogrel response samples, and 109 miRNAs were differentially expressed in the 13 CYP2C19 extensive metabolizers with extreme clopidogrel response. Platelet miR-199a-5p levels were correlated negatively with PRI after clopidogrel therapy. Studies in cultured cells revealed that miR-199a-5p inhibited the expression of VASP, a key effector protein downstream of the P2Y12 receptor. In conclusion, we found the expression of VASP could be inhibited by miR-199a-5p, and decreased platelet miR-199a-5p was associated with high on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity in CAD patients. What is the context? ● Clopidogrel combined with aspirin is widely used in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, while some patients exhibit high platelet activity when receiving the combined treatment. ● Current environmental and genetic factors could only explain part of the variability in clopidogrel efficacy. ● Human platelets harbor abundant miRNAs which might affect clopidogrel efficacy by regulating the expression of key proteins in the clopidogrel antiplatelet signaling pathway. What is new? ● We found that decreased platelet miR-199a-5p level was associated with high on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity. ● Overexpression of miR-199a-5p significantly down-regulated the expression of VASP protein in cultured cells. What is the impact? ● The current study provided new insights into the exploration of interindividual variability in clopidogrel response from the perspective of miR-199a-5p and VASP interaction.</p

New adenine analogues and a pyrrole alkaloid from <i>Selaginella delicatula</i>

<p>Phytochemical study on the <i>n</i>-BuOH extract of <i>Selaginella delicatula</i> lead to the isolation, characterization and structure elucidation of two new adenine analogues, delicatulines A (<b>1</b>) and B (<b>2</b>), one new pyrrole alkaloid (<b>4</b>), and five known compounds (<b>3</b>, <b>5</b>–<b>8</b>). These new substances all contain an aliphatic chain in their parent nucleus, which were unusual to find in plants. In the present study, they were identified from Selaginellaceae for the first time. The structures and absolute configurations of these new compounds were determined by a combination of NMR and CD spectroscopic analyses. Compounds <b>1</b>, <b>3</b> and <b>4</b> were evaluated for their inhibitory activities on HBV surface antigen and HBV DNA in HepAD38 cells. The results showed that these compounds had only weak or no inhibitive effects on HBV.</p

MOESM5 of Influence of UGT1A1 polymorphisms on the outcome of acute myeloid leukemia patients treated with cytarabine-base regimens

Additional file 5: Fig. S1. Impact of UGT1A1*28 or *6 on event-free survival (EFS) in AML patients. (a, d) comparison of EFS among genotypes of UGT1A1*28. (b, e) comparison of among genotypes of UGT1A1*6. (c, f) combined effects of UGT1A1*28 and *6 on EFS. Fig. S2. Flow chart of the study population. Fig. S3. Gene expression of CDA and UGT1A1 mRNA in blasts from AML patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset (n = 173). AML blast cells scarcely express UGT1A1

MOESM2 of Association of genetic polymorphisms in genes involved in Ara-C and dNTP metabolism pathway with chemosensitivity and prognosis of adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

Additional file 2: Table S2. Multivariate Cox regression analysis of clinical factors influencing AML OS and RFS

MOESM3 of Influence of UGT1A1 polymorphisms on the outcome of acute myeloid leukemia patients treated with cytarabine-base regimens

Additional file 3: Table S3. Comparison of CR rate among UGT1A1 genotypes after the first course of induction therapy

MOESM4 of Influence of UGT1A1 polymorphisms on the outcome of acute myeloid leukemia patients treated with cytarabine-base regimens

Additional file 4: Table S4. Comparison of TRM among UGT1A1 genotypes after two cycles of induction therapy in AML patients

MOESM1 of Association of genetic polymorphisms in genes involved in Ara-C and dNTP metabolism pathway with chemosensitivity and prognosis of adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

Additional file 1: Table S1. Unconditional logistic regression analysis of clinical variables associated with non-CR risk in AML patients

MOESM1 of Influence of UGT1A1 polymorphisms on the outcome of acute myeloid leukemia patients treated with cytarabine-base regimens

Additional file 1: Table S1. Primer sequences used to genotype UGT1A1*28 and *6