Office endometrial sampling: a comparison between Endosampler and Karman cannula number 4

Background: Endometrial aspiration biopsy is one of the primary steps in diagnostic evaluation of a women presenting with suspected endometrial pathology. The aim of present study was to compare specimen adequacy, ease of doing the procedure, patient comfort and cost effectiveness in office endometrial sampling by endosampler vs Karman cannula number 4.Methods: This was a prospective comparative study where 102 patients were included. In 50% of patients, endosampler was used and Karman cannula was used in the rest. All procedures were noted, analysed and done in outpatient department and various parameters like specimen adequacy, pain score, ease of doing the procedure were analysed and compared in both groups.Results: The mean age of the patients was 37.1(±10) years with comparable distribution in the two groups. The parity was comparable in both groups. Authors further analysed the data on the basis of operator experience. The mean score of ease of insertion based on the experience of residents of 2 years was 3.1±1.48; 4.0±1.96 and 3.5±1.5; 3.7±2 in endosampler and Karman cannula group respectively. This difference was significant in the endosampler group (P: <0.001). The difference in pain score in two groups was not significant.  The specimen obtained was adequate in 32 (62.7 %) patients of the endosampler group and in 39 (76.4 %) patients of the Karman cannula group. (p-0.07). Endosampler is five times costlier than Karman cannula.Conclusions: Karman cannula is a good and cost-effective sampling device for endometrial biopsy

SYNTACTIC RESTRICTIONS AND DISCOURSE FUNCTIONS OF WORD ORDER IN STANDARD HINDI

Until fairly recently, word order variation was assigned to factors such as, \u27taste\u27, \u27idiolect\u27, and \u27style\u27 (Ross 1967: 44). The present study is an attempt to show that the use of word order in Hindi, a flexible word order language, is more than this. Word order variation can essentially perform the same functions as movement transformations. The two are similar in their function and operation in that they allow rearrangement of elements or constituents, and indicate semantic and pragmatic differences. So far, very little has been done in linguistics on the subject of word order in Hindi. I have shown that this is a much larger subject than might be supposed. An adequate grammar of Hindi ought to take this subject into account. In this study, I have touched upon the following areas of word order: basic word order, syntactic restrictions, and discourse functions of varying orders. Chapter 1, an introduction to the present study, argues that word order variation in flexible word order languages like Hindi is similar to movement transformations in languages with less flexible word orders. In chapter 2, I deal with the issue of basic word order in general theory and in Hindi. With the help of a few tests I support the general hypothesis that the basic word order in Hindi is SOV. In chapter 3, I look at the syntactic restrictions on the movement of elements or constituents in simple and complex sentences. I show that there are very few constraints on the movement of major constituents but that there are severe constraints on the movement of elements or constituents when they move into other constituents or phrases. In chapter 4, I focus on one particular movement, Topicalization. I show that in Hindi, a formal constraint cannot explain all the data concerning topicalization but that these can be explained with the functional notion \u27topicality\u27. In chapter 5, I demonstrate that difference in Hindi word order mainly serve to achieve different discourse functions, including suspense, emphasis, de-emphasis, and announcement of topic. The use of word order variation for expressing grammatical relations and semantic reasons is limited. The sixth and last chapter contains a summary and conclusions of the present study

The Rich Tapestry of Heritage Learners of Hindi

The objective of this paper is to define and unfold the rich and complex category of heritage learners of Hindi so that teachers, program directors, and material developers can make informed pedagogic decisions. Based on the results of my two studies, this paper helps one understand the typology of Hindi learners and the vast diversity within the heritage learner group in the second language classrooms of American universities. It also provides insight into curricular challenges and how different institutions have adjusted their curriculum and methodology in order to accommodate the varying needs and proficiency levels of heritage and non-heritage learners. The findings of this study further research on heritage language education in general and have important practical implications for Hindi pedagogy in particular.This publication appeared in South Asia Language Pedagogy and Technology (SALPT) was published in 2008 by the South Asia Language Resource Center (SALRC) as a space to explore the creation and dissemination of new resources for teaching and research on South Asian languages, primarily via the World Wide Web, and pedagogical support for faculty through digital materials. The South Asia Language Resource Center (SALRC) was a collaborative effort funded by a grant from the U.S. Department of Education's International Education and Graduate Programs Service. The Language Resource Center at the University of Chicago was one of fifteen nationwide that exist to improve the capacity to teach and learn foreign languages effectively. SALRC primarily focused on the needs concerning South Asian language pedagogy in American universities

SYNTACTIC RESTRICTIONS AND DISCOURSE FUNCTIONS OF WORD ORDER IN STANDARD HINDI

Until fairly recently, word order variation was assigned to factors such as, \u27taste\u27, \u27idiolect\u27, and \u27style\u27 (Ross 1967: 44). The present study is an attempt to show that the use of word order in Hindi, a flexible word order language, is more than this. Word order variation can essentially perform the same functions as movement transformations. The two are similar in their function and operation in that they allow rearrangement of elements or constituents, and indicate semantic and pragmatic differences. So far, very little has been done in linguistics on the subject of word order in Hindi. I have shown that this is a much larger subject than might be supposed. An adequate grammar of Hindi ought to take this subject into account. In this study, I have touched upon the following areas of word order: basic word order, syntactic restrictions, and discourse functions of varying orders. Chapter 1, an introduction to the present study, argues that word order variation in flexible word order languages like Hindi is similar to movement transformations in languages with less flexible word orders. In chapter 2, I deal with the issue of basic word order in general theory and in Hindi. With the help of a few tests I support the general hypothesis that the basic word order in Hindi is SOV. In chapter 3, I look at the syntactic restrictions on the movement of elements or constituents in simple and complex sentences. I show that there are very few constraints on the movement of major constituents but that there are severe constraints on the movement of elements or constituents when they move into other constituents or phrases. In chapter 4, I focus on one particular movement, Topicalization. I show that in Hindi, a formal constraint cannot explain all the data concerning topicalization but that these can be explained with the functional notion \u27topicality\u27. In chapter 5, I demonstrate that difference in Hindi word order mainly serve to achieve different discourse functions, including suspense, emphasis, de-emphasis, and announcement of topic. The use of word order variation for expressing grammatical relations and semantic reasons is limited. The sixth and last chapter contains a summary and conclusions of the present study

Guest Editor's Foreward

The guest editor's introduction to the articles in the issue.This publication appeared in South Asia Language Pedagogy and Technology (SALPT) was published in 2008 by the South Asia Language Resource Center (SALRC) as a space to explore the creation and dissemination of new resources for teaching and research on South Asian languages, primarily via the World Wide Web, and pedagogical support for faculty through digital materials. The South Asia Language Resource Center (SALRC) was a collaborative effort funded by a grant from the U.S. Department of Education's International Education and Graduate Programs Service. The Language Resource Center at the University of Chicago was one of fifteen nationwide that exist to improve the capacity to teach and learn foreign languages effectively. SALRC primarily focused on the needs concerning South Asian language pedagogy in American universities

Comparative evaluation of sealing ability of mineral tri-oxide aggregate with intact, removed and modified smear layer: An in vitro study

Objective: The aim was to evaluate the sealing ability of mineral tri-oxide aggregate (MTA) with intact, removed, and modified smear layer. 5.2% sodium hypochlorite was used for irrigation to keep smear layer intact, 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) followed by 5.2% sodium hypochlorite was used to remove the smear layer and 30% potassium oxalate was used for its modification. Materials and Methods: A total of 112 intact single canaled mandibular premolar teeth were selected for the study. Roots were separated from the crown portion. All 112 roots were then randomly placed into one of five groups: Three experimental groups of 28 roots each, one group of 14 roots (negative control), and one group of 14 roots (positive control). All specimens were immersed in 1% methylene blue dye for 72 h and viewed microscopically. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA test and unpaired Student′s t-test. Results: When group 1a was compared with 2a and 3a, there was a statistically significant difference (P 0.05) when 1a and 3a were compared. When groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were compared irrespective of the subgroups, the results were statistically significant (P < 0.05) between 1 and 2, 1 and 4, 1 and 5, 2 and 3, 2 and 4, 2 and 5, 3 and 4, 3 and 5, and 4 and 5. Conclusion: About 5.2% sodium hypochlorite and MTA produced less leakage than 17% EDTA, followed by 5.2% sodium hypochlorite but more than 30% potassium oxalate