Comparative Study of Different Disinfectant Solutions on Reducing Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections Among Critical Patients

Catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is one of the most common hospital acquired infection. Several antiseptic agents as (chlorhexidine, water, and povidone iodine) are available prior the insertion of urinary catheters to reduce infection among critical patients. Aim: compare the effect of different disinfectant solutions on reducing (CAUTI) among critical patients. Design: Quasi experimental was utilized at the cardiology care unit (CCU) and followed up at medical ward of Sohage University Hospital, Egypt. Purposive sample (210) cardiac patients conveniently selected and divided equally to three groups had newly inserted urethral catheter. Group (A) used chlorhexidine 5%, Group (B) used soap and water and Group (C) used 10 % povidone Iodine solution in the perineal and urethral meatus care before insertion. Results: the majority of the studied sample were male aged (38.77 ± 9.95, 36.69 ± 11.1 and 36.77 ± 11.4) years. Majority of three groups had no fever at 1st observation. Group C had dysuria from the 1st till the 3rd time of observation (53, 77 & 81.4 %). High percentage of group C had positive urine culture at the three observations (51.4, 71.4, & 78.5 %). High correlation between used soap and water (group B) and body temperature, dysuria, and low correlation between purulent drainage with chlorhexidine group (A). Conclusion: using chlorhexidine gluconate and soap and water were the best methods that can be used in perineal care before catheter insertion and maintenance care than povidone iodine solution. Keywords: Comparative, Disinfectant, Solutions, Catheter, Infection, Urinary and Critically. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/73-14 Publication date: April 30th 2020

Genotyping of carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from Egyptian patients

Acinetobacter baumannii has recently been known as a major cause of hospital- and community-acquired infections. Carbapenem resistant A. baumanni (CRAB) has been recorded to be resistant to nearly all antibiotics, including the last resort antibiotics; carbapenems. This study aimed to detect the carbapenem resistance levels and mechanisms, in addition to the genotyping of A. baumanni in Upper Egypt. About 200 clinical samples were collected from different wards of Sohag University Hospital, Egypt, from which 20 A. baumannii isolates were recovered and then identified using conventional methods and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Antibiotic sensitivity testing was carried out using the Disk diffusion method, followed by PCR testing of the common carbapenemase-encoding genes, including OXA-51, OXA-58, KPC, GES, IMP, NDM, VIM, SIM, and GIM. Genotyping was performed using the Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-Polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR). About 85 % of A. baumannii strains were multidrug resistant (MDR), and high rate of Extreme drug resistant (XDR) A. baumannii (70 %) was detected. Carbapenem resistance was detected in 65 % of A. baumannii isolates, 70.58 % of MDR isolates, and 85.7 % of XDR isolates, respectively. Carbapenemase- encoding genes, including blaOXA-51, VIM, NDM, and GES, were detected in 100 %, 100 %, 76.9 2 % and 76.92 % of the carbapenem resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) isolates, respectively. The blaIMP and blaKPC genes had lower prevalence rates of 15.38 % and 30.77 %; respectively, whereas the SIM, GIM, and OXA-58 genes were not detected in any of the tested A. baumanni isolates. All of the MDR isolates carried three or more the carbapenemases encoding genes, and 85.7 % of the XDR isolates carried four or more of the carbapenemase-encoding genes. The dendrogram constructed from the ERIC-PCR results showed that the A. baumannii isolates were divided into three different clusters

The Profile of Hepatic Gene Expression of Glucose Metabolism in Mice on High Fat Diet

Obesity is a growing problem worldwide, and recent data indicated that 20% of the populations would be obese. Obesity arises as a multifactorial disease caused by inherited traits that interact with lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity. The liver plays an essential role in the gluco-regulation via regulating glucose, lipid and protein metabolism. The process of glucose metabolism is controlled by a range of molecular mechanisms and genes which affect the metabolism of the liver during intake of high fat diet (HFD). The objective of this research is to investigate the profile of hepatic gene expression of glucose metabolism in mice on HFD treated with leptin (5 mg/kg BW Ip injection). Ten wild type CD1 mice fed on HFD is used for this study, where groups are control (vehicle - leptin) and test group (vehicle + leptin). Body weight (BW) was measured, and blood chemistry, insulin and leptin were measured at the end of the experiments. Total RNA was isolated from the liver tissue, and RTPCR profiler array technology was used to evaluate the mRNA expression of 84 essential genes of hepatic glucose metabolism. The data of the BW and blood chemistry are not significantly different between the two groups. Leptin treatment enhanced the metabolic pathways and the candidate genes of the different metabolic pathway; glycogen metabolism such as Gys1, Gys2 and Pygm, pentose phosphate shunt such as Rpia and suppressed the glycolysis such as Aldob, and TCA cycle such as Mdh1b. In conclusion, this study has shown that leptin could affect the profile of the hepatic mouse genes of glucose metabolism in the early stages of HFD to induce obesit

Microbial Evaluation of Some Non-sterile Pharmaceutical Preparations Commonly Used in the Egyptian Market

Purpose: To determine the type and incidence of predominant microorganisms in certain non-sterile pharmaceuticals immediately after collection and one year later. Methods: All pharmaceutical samples were subjected to the following examinations: total bacterial count and presence of microbial pathogens, using conventional techniques. Attempts were also made to identify the isolates. The bioburden rate of some of the syrups and oral drops after storage for 0, 6 and 12 months were evaluated in order to assess the effect of storage on microbial contamination level. Results: Microbial load varied among the pharmaceutical preparations with the highest microbial load in suspensions and the lowest in tablets. Bacterial counts ranged from 10 to more than 103 CFU per ml or g. The bacterial count at 6 and 12 months were significantly different from that at 0 month (p<0.05). The isolated organisms were either of human flora types, essentially Gram-positive bacteria, or air-borne fungi. Conclusion: The isolated organisms were either of human flora types, principally, Gram-positive bacteria, or air-borne fungi and the stored preparations lack an effective preservation. Several measures, including equipment automation, monitoring programs and post-marketing surveillanceare required to reduce the level of microbial contamination of non-sterile pharmaceutical products

Hepatic Gene Expression Profile of Lipid Metabolism of Obese Mice After Treatment with AntiObesity Drug

Obesity is a global disorder with multifactorial causes. The liver plays a vital role in fat metabolism. Disorder of hepatic fat metabolism is associated with obesity and causes fatty liver. High fat diet intake (HFD) to mice causes the development of dietinduced obesity (DIO). The study aimed to detect the effects of anti-obesity drugs (sulforaphane; SFN and leptin) on hepatic gene expression of fat metabolism in mice that were fed HFD during an early time of DIO. Twenty wild types (WT) CD1 male mice aged ten weeks were fed a high fat diet. The mice were treated with vehicle; Veh (control group), and SFN, then each group is treated with leptin or saline. Four groups of treatment were: control group (vehicle + saline), Group 2 (vehicle + leptin), group 3 (SFN + saline), and group 4 (SFN + leptin). Body weight and food intake were monitored during the treatment period. Following the treatments of leptin 24 hour, fasting blood samples and liver tissue was collected, and Total RNA was extracted then used to assess the gene expression of 84 genes involved in hepatic fat metabolism using RT-PCR profiler array technique. leptin treatment upregulated fatty acid betaoxidation (Acsbg2, Acsm4) and fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis (Acot6, Acsl6), and down-regulated is fatty acid transport (Slc27a2). SFN upregulated acylCoA hydrolase (Acot3) and long chain fatty acid activation for lipids synthesis and beta oxidation (Acsl1). leptin + SFN upregulated fatty acid beta oxidation (Acad11, Acam) and acyl-CoA hydrolase (Acot3, Acot7), and downregulated fatty acid elongation (Acot2). As a result, treatment of both SFN and leptin has more profound effects on ameliorating pathways involved in hepatic lipogenesis and TG accumulation and lipid profile of TG and TC than other types of intervention. We conclude that early intervention of obesity pa could ameliorate the metabolic changes of fat metabolism in liver as observed in WT mice on HFD in response to anti-obesity treatmen

Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase, AmpC Beta-Lactamase, and Metallo-Beta-Lactamase among Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Objectives: to study prevalence of ESBLs, AmpC beta‑lactamase and metallo‑beta‑lactamase among clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa.Materials and Methods: P. aeruginosa were isolated and identified by the traditional microbiological procedure, ESBLs were detected by combined disk diffusion method according CLSI recommendations, AmpC beta-lactamase was detected by iodometric methods, MBL was detected by disc potentiation test and Agar dilution method for antibiotic susceptibility testing.Results: Out of 330 samples of different types of infections, 58 were positive for P. aeruginosa. All isolates showed high resistance to most of the tested antimicrobials but showed low resistance to amikacin. Forty-two (72.4%) isolates were detected as β-lactamase producers, 16 (27.5%) isolates were positive for ESBLs while 31(53.4%) were MBL producing strains. All ESBL and MBL producers were highly resistant to the tested antimicrobials. Plasmid profile showed that 9 isolates were plasmid mediated.Conclusion: The study emphasizes a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa producing beta‑lactamase enzymes of diverse mechanisms especially in burn units. Proper antibiotic policy and measures should be taken to minimize the emergence of this multiple β‑lactamase producing pathogens and also the danger of their dissemination to other bacteria by plasmids which may carry resistance genes for other antimicrobials

New biomarkers of post-settlement growth in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Some sea urchins, including the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, have been successfully used in aquaculture, but their slow growth and late reproduction are challenging to overcome when developing efficient aquaculture production techniques. S. purpuratus develops via an indirect life history that is characterized by a drastic settlement process at the end of a larval period that lasts for several weeks. During this transition, the bilateral larva is transformed into a pentaradial juvenile, which will start feeding and growing in the benthic habitat. Due to predation and other ecological factors, settlement is typically associated with high mortality rates in juvenile populations. Additionally, juveniles require several days to develop a functional mouth and digestive system. During this perimetamorphic period, juveniles use up larval resources until they are capable to digest adult food. Mechanisms underlying the onset of juvenile feeding and metabolism have implications for the recruitment of natural populations as well as aquaculture and are relatively poorly understood in S. purpuratus. The insulin/insulin-like growth factor signalling (IIS)/Target of Rapamycin (TOR) pathway (IIS/TOR) is well conserved among animal phyla and regulates physiological and developmental functions, such as growth, reproduction, aging and nutritional status. We analyzed the expression of FoxO, TOR, and ILPs in post-settlement juveniles in conjunction with their early growth trajectories. We also tested how pre-settlement starvation affected post-settlement expression of IIS. We found that FoxO provides a useful molecular marker in early juveniles as its expression is strongly correlated with juvenile growth. We also found that pre-settlement starvation affects juvenile growth trajectories as well as IIS. Our findings provide preliminary insights into the mechanisms underlying post-settlement growth and metabolism in S. purpuratus. They also have important implications for sea urchin aquaculture, as they show that pre-settlement nutrient environment significantly affects both early growth trajectories and gene expression. This information can be used to develop new biomarkers for juvenile health in sea urchin population ecology and aquaculture aquaculture

Prevalence and resistance profile of bacteria isolated from wound infections among a group of patients in upper Egypt: a descriptive cross-sectional study

Abstract Aim This cross-sectional survey aimed to identify aerobic bacteria, antimicrobial resistance, and multi-drug resistance profiles of bacteria isolated from different wound infections among a group of Egyptian patients. Results Of 120 positive samples, 170 isolates were identified. Polymicrobial infections were determined in 55% of samples. The dominant Gram-positive isolated strains were Staphylococcus aureus, especially from wound infections because of accidents (71.8%). Piperacillin, methicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid were all highly resistant to S. aureus and Coagulase-negative Staphylococci. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus in wound infections was 89.9%. S. aureus showed superior sensitivity to vancomycin (85.3%) and linezolid (81.3%). The highest prevalence of Gram-negative isolates was for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (40%), which was highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin (79.2%) and highly resistant to levofloxacin (83.3%). Several isolates revealed a multi-drug resistance profile (52.4%). The overall MDR rate of Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates were 50% and 54.9%, respectively. Conclusion The prevalence of MRSA isolated from various wound infections and MDR is a warning issue in Upper Egypt. It should implement a health education strategy and hygiene measures to prevent the spread of wound infection-causing organisms in the community