Efecto de la bST sobre la fertilidad de vacas lecheras de primer servicio sincronizadas por medio del protocolo Doublesynch

In this study, the pregnancy rate of Doublesynch and Presynch-Ovsynch synchronization protocols, using bovine somatotropin hormone (bST), was compared at artificial insemination (AI) time, using first service cows. This study utilized 4first service dairy cows, or at 3to 4days post-partum, in two dairy herds in the province of Pichincha - Ecuador. The experiment was divided into four groups. Group IDoublesynch plus bST (n=10); Group IIDoublesynch without bST (n = 10); Group IIIPresynch-Ovsynch plus bST (n = 10); and Group IVPresynch-Ovsynch without bST (n = 10) Blood samples of all groups were taken at the beginning of treatment, at the time of insemination, 7 and 14 days after insemination. Statistical analysis was performed by comparing the pregnancy rate between groups using the chi-square test (X2) P= 0,79, which showed no significant differences in pregnancy rates between groups I, II, III, and IV. Progesterone concentrations were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher test, which determined a p = 0.027. In Groups III and IV, the p = 0.035, for which has shown significant difference between the concentrations of progesterone. In Groups I and IV, p = 0.263, in Groups II and IV, p = 0.454 and Groups I and III, p = 0.18, showing no significant difference in their progesterone levels at the time the last sample was taken. The value obtained by comparing the samples in groups is P = 0.85, meaning that the groups behaved similarly. The administration of 500mg of bovine growth hormone (bST), at the time of insemination, did not improve fertility using Doublesynch protocol and also did not found an increase in pregnancy rate using bST at the time of AI in first service dairy cows.En este estudio se evaluó la tasa de preñez en vacas de primer servicio, las que fueron tratadas con la hormona somatotropina bovina (bST),al momento de la inseminación artificial (IA); sincronizadas con el protocolo de Doublesynch, el cual fue comparado con el protocolo de sincronización Presynch-Ovsynch. Este estudio experimental usó 40 vacas lecheras en primer servicio, es decir, de 30 y 40 días post parto en dos hatos lecheros en la provincia de Pichincha - Ecuador. El experimento se dividió en cuatro grupos. Grupo I (Doublesynch mas bST) ;Grupo II (Doublesynch sin bST) (n=10);Grupo III (Presynch-Ovsynch mas bST) (n=10), Grupo IV (Presynch Ovsynch sin bST) (n=10) Las muestras de sangre de todos los grupos se tomaron al inicio del tratamiento, al momento de la inseminación, 7 días después y 14 días después de la inseminación. El análisis estadístico se realizó comparando la tasa de preñez entre grupos, mediante la prueba de Chi cuadrada (X2) P= 0,7 lo cual demostró que no existen diferencias significativas en las tasas de preñez entre los grupos I, II, III, IV. Las concentraciones de progesterona se compararon mediante el análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y la prueba de Fisher donde se determinó un p=0,027. En los Grupos III y IV su p=0,035 por lo cual también existe una diferencia significativa entre las concentraciones de progesterona. Los Grupos I y IV se encontró valores de p=0,263 los Grupos II y IV p=0,454 y los Grupos I y III p=0,18 lo cual muestra que no existe diferencia significativa en cuanto a sus niveles de progesterona durante la toma de la última muestra. El valor obtenido al contrastar las muestras por grupos es de P=0,85, lo que significa que los grupos se comportaron de manera muy semejante. La administración de una dosis de 500mg de hormona de somatotropina bovina (bST), al momento de la inseminación no mejor la fertilidad en vacas lecheras de primer servicio sincronizadas con un protocolo Doublesynch y tampoco sé encontró un incremento en la tasa de preñez con bST al momento de la IA en vacas de primer servicio

Trends im Outcome des Larynxkarzinoms

Fragestellung: Die Prognose des Larynxkarzinomes hat sich in den neunziger Jahren gegenüber den achtziger Jahren im Einzugsgebiet des Tumorregisters München verschlechtert. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, Hypothesen zu möglichen Ursachen abzuklären. Methodik: Wir verglichen in einer Kohortenstudie das Outcome in den achtziger Jahren mit dem Outcome in den neunziger Jahren. Dabei benutzten wir die vom Tumorregister München zur Verfügung gestellten Patientendaten der Larynxkarzinompatienten der HNO-Klinik Großhadern. Außerdem erfolgte eine partielle Nacherhebung bezüglich dem jeweils verantwortlichen Operateur und der jeweils durchgeführten Operationsmethode als angebliche Einflussfaktoren. Zielkriterium waren das relative Überleben und das Gesamtüberleben. Ergebnisse: Es hat keine signifikante Veränderung der T- und N-Kategorien zwischen den Zeiträumen 1978-1986 und 1987-1995 gegeben. Die Überlebensraten in Abhängigkeit von der T- und N-Kategorie sind unterschiedlich. Die T- und N-Kategorien sind signifikante Prognosefaktoren in den uni- und multivariaten Analysen nach dem Cox-Modell. Die Operationsmethode hat nach den Ergebnissen unserer Studie keinen Einfluss auf das Outcome. Bei der Anzahl von Operationen pro Operateur haben sich im Verlauf der Zeit Veränderungen ergeben. Aber selbst in der univariaten Anlyse war der Effekt nicht signifikant (p~0,6). Nach Adjustierung auf die Prognosefaktoren zeigte sich sich in den multivariaten Analysen mit dem Cox-Modell nicht einmal eine Tendenz. Schlussfolgerung: Trotz Nacherhebung des Operationsvolumens, der Ärzte und der Operationsmethode konnte die Ursache der Verschlechterung der Prognose des Larynxkarzinoms in den neunziger Jahren gegenüber den achtziger Jahren durch diesen Ansatz nicht geklärt werden

Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy for Pulmonary Metastasized Germ Cell Tumors of the Testis - Be Aware of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Background: Cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy is regarded as standard of care for patients with advanced germ cell tumors. In patients with lung metastases and a high tumor load, an association between induction chemotherapy and the development of a `tumor-associated' acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been hypothesized. Case Report: We report the clinical course of a 19-year-old patient who rapidly developed fatal ARDS during the first cycle of chemotherapy using the PEI regimen (cisplatin, etoposide and ifosfamide) for a metastasized (lung, liver, lymph nodes) germ cell tumor of the testis. Conclusion: Further clinical research in order to better define risk factors for developing ARDS in this patient population as well as novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of ARDS in those patients are necessary

Wo liegt die Grenze? Aspekt, Aktionsart und verwandte Phanomene in der Erforschung der deutschen Sprache

In 1824, Jacob Grimm first used the terms perfective and imperfective to describe the German verbal system and initiated the discussion of the aspecto-actional meaning in such pairs as jagen : erjagen. Since then, German research has frequently failed to define aspectological terms and categories unambiguously. This study examines the status of German aspectological research, with special reference to the boundary between the categories Aspekt and Aktionsart. For background, this dissertation successively examines early German aspectological research (1824 to 1930), landmark German grammars, German aspectological research since 1970, cross-linguistic aspectological research in the Slavic and Anglo-American traditions with regard to these terms and categories. This permits clear identification of the most frequent definitional problems in German aspectology: (a) confusing application of the category pairs perfectivity vs imperfectivity and terminativity vs. aterminativity; (b) restriction of the term grammatischer Aspekt to Slavic aspect; (c) differentiation of Aspekt and Aktionsart only by the degree of grammaticalization vs. lexicalization; (d) failure to restrict Aktionsart to a specific level of representation, e.g. morphology. Some resulting terminological problems are: (1) the use of term Aspekt indiscriminately to denote three grammatical categories, aspect, the semantic category, perfectivity, and the semantic category, aspectuality; (2) the use of the term Aktionsart to denote: (a) semantic groups of verbs, (b) the lexico-grammatical verbal classes, (c) the semantic category, terminativity, and (d) the semantic category, aspectuality; (3) the use of the term Aktionsart to denote simultaneously the actional classes of verbs and morphologically marked and unmarked semantic groups of verbs, such as ingressive, inchoative etc.; (4) plethora of terms for the opposition terminative vs. aterminative; (5) unjustified use of the terms perfective vs. imperfective in the description of the German verbs. Based on the results of this analysis, unambiguous definitions and internationally acceptable terminology for the major aspectological categories are suggested. Four factors are essential for this: (1) distinguishing aspectual, actional and temporal categories within the functional-semantic domain of aspectotemporality; (II) distinguishing between aspectual and actional meanings; (III) distinguishing aspectual and actional meanings from their means of expression; (IV) distinguishing between Aspekt, Aktionalklassen and Aktionsarten on the level of expression

Implementation of the CEM-Code into the MCNPX-Code

In the development stage of improving the physics abilities of MCNPX, the CEM code has been implemented into MCNPX as the nuclear reaction model for nuclei and pion induced reactions up to 5 GeV of kinetic energy. The CEM code includes all the reaction stages of intra:nuclear cascade, preequilibrium and equilibrium and is an alternative for the existing MCNPX models. The preliminary implementation fixes the uncompleted fission model of CEM by applying the RAL fission fragmentation model and provides a parameterized formula for the CEM input parameter a{sub f}/a{sub n}, the ratio of level density parameters at the fission saddle point shape and the compound shape of the excited nucleus. All the deficiencies are addressed in an improved CEM code that will replace the existing implementation when finished. Thick target calculations employing lead and tungsten targets have been performed to validate the implementation and test the CEM models against the old MCNPX models

Loss of TRAIL-receptors is a recurrent feature in pancreatic cancer and determines the prognosis of patients with no nodal metastasis after surgery.

Agonistic antibodies targeting TRAIL-receptors 1 and 2 (TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2) are being developed as a novel therapeutic approach in cancer therapy including pancreatic cancer. However, the cellular distribution of these receptors in primary pancreatic cancer samples has not been sufficiently investigated and no study has yet addressed the issue of their prognostic significance in this tumor entity. Applying tissue microarray (TMA) analysis, we performed an immunohistochemical assessment of TRAIL-receptors in surgical samples from 84 consecutive patients affected by pancreatic adenocarcinoma and in 26 additional selected specimens from patients with no lymph nodes metastasis at the time of surgery. The prognostic significance of membrane staining and staining intensity for TRAIL-receptors was evaluated. The fraction of pancreatic cancer samples with positive membrane staining for TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 was lower than that of cells from surrounding non-tumor tissues (TRAIL-R1: p<0.001, TRAIL-R2: p = 0.006). In addition, subgroup analyses showed that loss of membrane staining for TRAIL-R2 was associated with poorer prognosis in patients without nodal metastases (multivariate Cox regression analysis, Hazard Ratio: 0.44 [95% confidence interval: 0.22-0.87]; p = 0.019). In contrast, analysis of decoy receptors TRAIL-R3 and -R4 in tumor samples showed an exclusively cytoplasmatic staining pattern and no prognostic relevance. This is a first report on the prognostic significance of TRAIL-receptors expression in pancreatic cancer showing that TRAIL-R2 might represent a prognostic marker for patients with early stage disease. In addition, our data suggest that loss of membrane-bound TRAIL-receptors could represent a molecular mechanism for therapeutic failure upon administration of TRAIL-receptors-targeting antibodies in pancreatic cancer. This hypothesis should be evaluated in future clinical trials