Iinfluence ideological «Moscow – third Rome» on the formation of autocracy in Russia

Проаналізовано вплив ідеологеми «Москва – Третій Рим» на взаємини між церквою, державою та суспільством у контексті самодержавної моделі управління в Росії.На підставі аналізу ідеологеми встановлено, що можливість втілення Царства Божого пов’язана з православною церквою, яка може реалізувати свою місію лише у християнській державі через союз з царською владою. Цар постає захисником чистоти віри, прав православної церкви та її вірних. Реалізація цієї ідеологеми дозволила підвищити авторитет влади правителя та відкрити можливості для зовнішньої експансії Росії.Ключові слова: влада, месіанізм, православ’я, церква, експансія.Галиченко М. В. Влияние идеологемы «Москва – третий Рим» на становление самодержавия в России/ Житомирский государственный университет имени Ивана Франка, Украина, ЖитомирПроанализировано влияние идеологемы «Москва – Третий Рим» на взаимоотношения между церковью, государством и обществом в контексте самодержавной модели управления в России.На основании анализа идеологемы установлено, что возможность воплощения Царства Божьего связана с православной церковью, которая может реализовать свою миссию только в христианском государстве через союз с царской властью. Царь является защитником чистоты веры, прав православной церкви и ее верующих. Реализация этой идеологемы позволила повысить авторитет власти правителя и открыть возможности для внешней экспансии России.Ключевые слова: власть, мессианизм, православие, церков, экспансия.Galichenko M. V. Iinfluence ideological «Moscow – third Rome» on the formation of autocracy in Russia/ Ivan Franko Zhytomyr State University, Ukraine, ZhytomyrThe influence of the ideology of «Moscow – Third Rome» on the relationship between church, state and society in the context of an autocratic model of governance in Russia.On the basis of ideological found that the feasibility of the Kingdom of God is linked with the Orthodox Church, which can realize its mission only Christian country through an alliance with the royal power. King appears defender purity of faith, the rights of the Orthodox Church and its faithful. The implementation of this ideology has improved the credibility and authority of the ruler to open opportunities for foreign expansion in Russia.Key words; power, messianism, orthodoxy, church, expansion

PRODUCTIVITY OF WINTER WHEAT DEPENDING ON PREDECESSORS

Winter wheat is the most important food crop in Russia, having significant value in grain production. It uses bioclimatic potential of the regions better and gives stable grain harvests. The basic purpose of the farmers is to get better harvests of winter wheat with high technological properties. The complex of agricultural methods for winter wheat is determined by the predecessor. It influences on soil fertility and on moisture reserves in a root zone. Such scientists as N.N. Borodin (1976), I.G. Kalinenko (1979), V.A. Alabushev (1987), I.I. Galichenko (2011) and others recon that ‘black’ fallow ground gives the highest harvests of winter wheat, as it largely supplies plants with water and nutrients, improves phytosanitary conditions, reduces soil weediness. The tasks of primary importance are to develop and improve optimal technological methods of winter wheat growing with the best predecessors. The problem is to find the best correlation between ‘black’ fallow and cropped fallow that will guarantee to get high productivity of winter wheat. It is established that the best predecessor of winter wheat is weedfree fallow. The productivity of the crop after weedfree fallow was higher on 1,27 t/ha compared with non-fallow predecessors

Mikhail Bulgakov and his works

The scholarly purpose of this thesis is to illustrate the position occupied by Mikhail Afqnasyevich Bulgakov (1891-1940) in Soviet satire particularly and in Russian literature as a whole, since the dilemma in which the author under analysis found himself, was shared by Soviet authors of diverse backgrounds and literary ideas. Early princedom Russia, the Kievan State and the entire pre-Petrine epoch with its archaic structure, enrooted convervatism and primitivism did not regard literature, grammar and education as valuable assets to the Russian citizen. Of greater importance was defence against invading hordes of nomads, the search for food for daily life and the observance of ancient orders, social customs, superstitions and firm belief in the old faith. It was Peter the Great's responsibility by means of enormous efforts and the introduction of vigorous, often drastic laws and methods, to smash through the century-old crust of ancient "ice" covering the Russian land, the Russian soul and mentality. When he began to trim the boyar’s beards, some preferred suicide to humiliation, and others death beneath the axe of the state executioner. It seems that similarly Russian literature has always led and leads a path of suffering in a difficult defense of its literary principles against oppressive odds and very likely will continue to do so in the future. Such a beginning, this virus in the body of Russian literature - the pushing of various impeding stakes in between the spokes of creativity, never was cured by the application of any effective antidotes. Thus was the fate of Russian literature decreed, so that within it may always be juxtaposed the Pushkins with the Dantes, the Lermontovs with Martynovs, Bulgakovs and Tarsis’ with the Khrushchevs, Brezhnevs and their party successors . In the works of each of Russia's literary giants -prose writers and poets alike, each paragraph, line and word fought with a Herculeon will and might its way towards life in the hearts and minds of the people. For this reason tyrants, regardless of bloodlines, fear the growth, significance and active role of literature. For this reason Russian literature, developing and refining itself always remained very caustic in tone, very heavy in theme and had many enemies everywhere - among the strong of the world, in the darkest kingdoms of egoists, bureaucrats, secret services and other organs of suspicion, censorship and enslavement. Were not all the persons sincerely connected with literature condemned as rioters, rebel-rousers and revolutionaries? And how many special rules governed and still regulate the printing presses? Where else but in Russia did the shameful employment of "zits-editors" exist, whose duty it was to sit out jail terms for their employers - editors and publishers of newspapers and journals - who were sentenced by rule of other men, not law? Finally, what mountains of literary works were censored and what number of their authors defamed? It may be deduced, that over twenty-five percent of all literary workers in Russian literature perished either physically or morally and died one of these deaths. Such "attention" paid to literature by its oppressors could not help but leave a trace on its history. It is unlikely that our evaluation of Russian literature as one baptized in storm and fire is incorrect. These very elements continue to temper it today. Why else would the characteristic genres like "laughter through tears", "notes from penal and mental institutions" (imaginary and factual) and "dreams” prevail in it? What indeed did the Russian literary figure characteristically represent? He was the object of suppression, criticism, censorship, and other extreme measures. What had the writer to be on alert for? Dangerous intrigue in the case of Pushkin, ill-fame for Bulgakov and death for Pasternak. In Soviet times, all of these "pleasures" awaited each writer and poet if he could not reconcile himself with and "thank" from the bottom of his heart his hateful overlords, the rulers of the bodies and souls of the Russian people. In completing a major thesis on M.Bulgakov, it was necessary first of all to keep in mind a great Russian literature, whose image may be likened to a Sorrowful Beauty, who presents before the peoples of the world her magnificent exterior and mature personality, while mourning for the people of her own land. I wish to call her by the ancient yet appropriate apellation - "a mourner of the Russian soul". In contrast to French literature - a coquettish being, and German literature - a home economist, Russian literature despite the presence of Krylov, Chekhov, Gorbunov and later Zoschenko - always bore the stamp of "laughter through tears". Mikhail Bulgakov in the history of Russian literature was at one and the same time a part of its heritage and an educational, scandalous embarrassment for the Soviet government. But for Russia itself, Mikhail Bulgakov was one of those rare people who give impetus and vitality to a national literature that will live forever.Arts, Faculty ofCentral, Eastern, and Northern European Studies, Department ofGraduat

The source material estimation of early-maturing group soybeans by adaptability parameters

The article presents the results of 2018—2020 study of 22 early-maturing group soybeans samples of the collection nursery; those samples are of various ecological-geographical origin according to adaptability parameters, plasticity and stability in the conditions of the south of the Amur region, the analysis of yield variability was carried out. The research was carried out on the experimental field of the laboratory of selection and genetics of soybeans FSBSI FSC All-Russian Scientific and Recearch Center of soybean, Sadovoye village, Tambov region. The average varietal soybean seeds yield in the years of research amounted to 2.37 t/ha. Based on the results of agro-ecological assessment of 22 soybean samples, adaptive, plastic and stable samples have been identified, which have an insignificant variation indicator in yield: Heihe 25 (V=3.23%; Ка=1.14; bi=1.00; Si2=0.03), Hei 06–1625 (V=4.69%; Ка=1.06; bi=1.29; Si2=0.01), Hei 05–1031 (V=3.74%; Ка=1.03; bi=1.60; Si2=0.01) and McCall (V=2.34%; Ка=1.06; bi=1.03; Si2=0.01). These genotypes are of practical interest as initial parent forms in selection for adaptability in conditions of the Amur region

Reflection Ideological «Moscow – the Third Rome» in Russian Religious and Philosophical Thought. – Manuscript.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата філософських наук за спеціальністю 09.00.11 – релігієзнавство. – Житомирський державний університет імені Івана Франка Міністерства освіти і науки України, Житомир, 2016. У дисертації здійснено філософсько-релігієзнавчий аналіз ідеологеми «Москва – Третій Рим», виявлено її богословську та ідеологічну сутність, визначено особливості рефлексії на різних етапах розвитку російської релігійно-філософської думки, а також її втілення у сучасному концепті «Русский мир» Російської православної церкви. Доведено, що ідеологема «Москва – Третій Рим» у сучасній Росії – загальновживана, універсальна ідеологема-історизм зі змішаним аксіологічним модусом. Вона постає синтезом богословських ідей християнської есхатології та іудейського месіанізму. На різних етапах її функціонування переважає або месіанство, або місійність. Показано вплив ідеологеми «Москва – Третій Рим» на взаємини між церквою, державою та суспільством у контексті самодержавної моделі управління. Доведено взаємозв’язок ідеологеми «Москва – Третій Рим» та концепту «Русский мир» як невід’ємної складової ідеології сучасної Росії; окреслено відмінності між неоєвразійством і концептом «Русский мир» Російської православної церкви. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата философских наук по специальности 09.00.11 – религиоведение. – Житомирский государственный университет имени Ивана Франко Министерства образования и науки Украины. – Житомир, 2016. Диссертация является комплексным религиозно-философским анализом идеологемы «Москва – Третий Рим», осуществлённым путем выявления ее богословской и идеологической сущности, определения особенностей ее рефлексии на разных этапах развития российской религиозно-философской мысли, а также ее воплощения в современном концепте «Русский мир» Русской православной церкви. Анализ научных и богословских исследований идеологемы «Москва – Третий Рим» позволил выделить два основных исследовательских подхода, которые сосуществуют на разных этапах развития российской историко-философской мысли: философско-богословский и историко-филологический. В рамках первого подхода осмысливается религиозное содержание идеологемы в контексте христианской эсхатологии и истории православной церкви, а в рамках второго – изучается идеологема «Москва – Третий Рим» как фактор формирования Московского централизованного государства, а также источник литературно-публицистических произведений ХVІ – ХVІІ вв. В работе доказано, что идеологема «Москва – Третий Рим» в современной России – общеупотребляемая, универсальная идеологема-историзм со смешанным аксиологическим модулем. Она выступает особым многоуровневым концептом, структура которого объединяет коллективное, стереотипическое, мифологизированное представление россиян о власти, нации, государстве, политических и идеологических институтах. Установлено, что идеологема «Москва – Третий Рим» имеет важнейшее значение для российской историософии. Она является синтезом богословских идей христианской эсхатологии и иудейского мессианства. На основе библейской истории данная идеологема создает собственный национальный вариант исторического развития, который претендует на универсальность и вневременность. Святость русской земли и стремление россиян наследовать истинную веру – православие, которое требует безукоризненного соответствия обрядам, способствует окончательному утверждению богоизбранности. Проанализировано влияние идеологемы «Москва – Третий Рим» на взаимоотношения между церковью, государством и обществом в контексте самодержавной модели управления. В работе доказано взаимосвязь между идеологемой «Москва – Третий Рим» и концептом «Русский мир» как неотъемлемой составляющей идеологии современной России; отмечены различия между неоевразийством и концептом «Русский мир» Русской православной церкви. Dissertation for the Degree of Candidate of Philosophical Studies, Specialty 09.00.11. – Religious Studies. – Ivan Franko Zhytomyr State University Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. – Zhytomyr, 2016. The thesis presents a philosophical and religious analysis of the ideologem «Moscow – the Third Rome» performed by detecting its theological ad ideological essences, determining the characteristics of reflection at different stages of development of Russian religious and philosophical thought and its expression in the modern concept of «Russian World» of the Russian Orthodox Church. It was proved that ideologem «Moscow – the Third Rome» in modern Russia is a very common universal ideologem - historicism with mixed axiological modus. It presents a synthesis of the theological ideas of Christian eschatology and Jewish messianism. At different stages of its operation messianism or misiynist prevails. It was identified that the ideologem «Moscow – the Third Rome» had great influence on the relationships between church, state and society in the context of an autocratic model of governance. It was proved that there is a relationship between ideologem «Moscow – the Third Rome» and the concept of «Russian World» as an integral part of modern ideology; It was outlined that there are some differences between neo Eurasianism and the concept of «Russian World» of the Russian Orthodox Church

Effect of modifying additions on the ductility and plastic properties and brittle strength of cold-resistant low-alloy steels

Translated from Russian (Svar. Proizvod. 2000 (8) p. 7-13)Available from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:9023.190(9768)T / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo

Aeroelectric structures and turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer

Complex electrical measurements with the use of sodar data show that electric field pulsation analysis is useful for electrodynamics/turbulence monitoring under different conditions. In particular, the number of aeroelectric structures (AES) generated per hour is a convenient measure of the turbulence intensity. During convectively unstable periods, as many as 5–10 AES form per hour. Under stable conditions, AES occasionally form as well, indicating the appearance of occasional mixing events reflected in the electric field perturbations. AES magnitudes under stable conditions are relatively small, except in special cases such as high humidity and fog. The analysis of electric field (EF) spectra gives additional useful information on the parameters of the atmospheric boundary layer and its turbulence. A rather sharp change in the spectrum slope takes place in the vicinity of 0.02 Hz under stable conditions. The characteristic slope of the spectrum and its change are reproduced in a simple model of EF formation