In vivo effect of dried chicory root (Cichorium intybus L.) on xenobiotica metabolising cytochrome P450 enzymes in porcine liver

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are widely studied for their involvement in metabolism of drugs and endogenous compounds. In porcine liver, CYP1A2,2Aand 2E1 are important for the metabolism of skatole.Feeding chicory roots to pigs is known to decrease the skatole concentration in plasma and fat. In the present study we investigated the effect of chicory on CYP mRNA and protein expression, as well as their activity. Male pigs were feed dried chicory root for 16 days before liver samples were collected. By the use of RT-PCR and Western blotting we showed that the mRNA and protein expression of CYP1A2 and 2A were increased in chicory fed pigs. The mRNA expression of CYP2E1 was increased, while there was no effect on protein expression. Activity of CYP1A2 and 2A were increased in chicory feed pigs; this was not the case for CYP2E1 activity. In conclusion; oral administration of chicory root for 16 days to pigs increased the mRNA expression of CYP1A2, 2A and 2E1; and the protein expression of CYP1A2 and 2A. The activities of CYP1A2 and 2A were increased

Samarbete kring framtida behov av forskning om galtluktsproblematik

enligt en frivillig överenskommelse jobbar flera EU-länder för att hitta alternativ till kirurgisk kastrering. Arbetet pågår i många EU-länder för att hitta gemensamma hållbara alternativ. Nyligen träffades EU:s forskare och företrädare för industrin för att diskutera frågorna och presentera kunskapen om alternativen till kirurgisk kastrering, med inriktning på produktion av okastrerade och immunokastratrerade hangrisar

Immunocastration as Alternative to Surgical Castration in Pigs

Surgical castration of piglets is a routine practice in pig production used to prevent the incidence of boar taint of pig meat, which may develop in entire male pigs as they reach puberty. This practice is being presently questioned in the European Union, and there is a strong initiative to end it. The initiative is presently voluntary; however, key stakeholders of European pig production sector have signed a declaration, and the actions undertaken by them already affect the business. Before such new concepts in pig production can be implemented, alternative solutions are needed, one of them being immunocastration. The present chapter will thus focus on the presentation of immunocastration as one of the promising alternatives to surgical castration. Theoretical and practical aspects of immunocastration in pig production will be described, and the advantages and disadvantages of this alternative will be summarised. Physiological principles of immunocastration and impacts on metabolism, growth performance, body composition and meat quality will be described and aspects of public acceptability reviewed

7-Hydroxylation of warfarin is strongly inhibited by sesamin, but not by episesamin, caffeic and ferulic acids in human hepatic microsomes

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Warfarin is a commonly used anticoagulant drug and is a derivate of coumarin. Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) plays the key role in transformation of coumarin and thus, influences determination of warfarin dosage. A number of factors including dietary compounds such as sesamin, caffeic acid and ferulic acids can regulate the activity of CYP2C9. The present study tested the hypothesis that sesamin, episesamin, caffeic acid and ferulic acid decreases the rate of warfarin 7-hydroxylation via inhibition of hepatic CYP2C9. The experiments were conducted on hepatic microsomes from human donors. It was demonstrated that the rate of 7-hydroxylation of warfarin was significantly decreased in the presence of sesamin in the range of concentrations from 5 to 500 nM, and was not affected by episesamin, caffeic acid and ferulic acid in the same range of concentrations. The kinetic analysis indicated non-competitive type of inhibition by sesamin with Ki = 202 ± 18 nM. In conclusion, the results of our in vitro study revealed that sesamin was able to inhibit formation of a major metabolite of warfarin, 7-hydroxywarfarin. The potentially negative consequences of the consumption of high amounts of sesamin-containing food or dietary supplements in warfarin-treated patients need to be further studied

Chicken-eaters and pork-eaters have different gut microbiota and tryptophan metabolites

This study was aimed to evaluate the differences in the composition of gut microbiota, tryptophan metabolites and short-chain fatty acids in feces between volunteers who frequently ate chicken and who frequently ate pork. Twenty male chicken-eaters and 20 male pork-eaters of 18 and 30 years old were recruited to collect feces samples for analyses of gut microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan metabolites. Chicken-eaters had more diverse gut microbiota and higher abundance of Prevotella 9, Dialister, Faecalibacterium, Megamonas, and Prevotella 2. However, pork-eaters had higher relative abundance of Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Dialister, and Ruminococcus 2. In addition, chicken-eaters had high contents of skatole and indole in feces than pork-eaters, as well as higher contents of total short chain fatty acids, in particular for acetic acid, propionic acid, and branched chain fatty acids. The Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that the abundance of Prevotella 2 and Prevotella 9 was positively correlated with levels of fecal skatole, indole and short-chain fatty acids. Thus, intake of chicken diet may increase the risk of skatole- and indole-induced diseases by altering gut microbiota

ПРОТЕОМИКА В НАУКЕ О МЯСЕ — СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ

 The aim of proteomics is to identify all proteins, their biological activity, post-translational modifications and interactions in a cell, and to identify (quantify?) changes in «proteome» in response to altered biological conditions. A typical proteomics work flow consists of protein extraction, separation, protein or peptide identification and data analysis. Mass spectrometry is the most common method used to detect proteins or peptides in proteomics. This strategy has many applications, including research in meat science, but it is limited by huge biochemical heterogeneity of the proteins and an inability to detect accurately low-abundance proteins. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge and identify future potential application of proteomics in meat science and technology.Целью протеомики является идентификация всех белков, их биологической активности, посттрансляционных модификаций и  взаимоотношений в  клетке, и  идентификация изменений в  «протеоме» в  ответ на измененные биологические условия. Типичная последовательность операций в  протеомике включает экстракцию и  разделение белков, идентификацию белков или пептидов и анализ данных. Наиболее распространенным методом, используемым для определения белков или пептидов в протеомике, является масс спектрометрия. Эта стратегия имеет множество применений, включая исследования в науке о мясе, но она ограничена огромной биохимической гетерогенностью белков и неспособностью точного определения малораспространенных белков. Целью данного обзора является суммирование современного знания и идентификация будущих потенциальных применений протеомики в науке и технологии мясной промышленности

EROD and MROD as Markers of Cytochrome P450 1A Activities in Hepatic Microsomes from Entire and Castrated Male Pigs

In the present study, we characterized the kinetic parameters of 7-ethoxy-resorufin O-deethylation (EROD) and 7-methoxyresorufin O-demethylation (MROD) in hepatic microsomes from entire and castrated male pigs. Validation parameters of an HPLC-based method to analyse EROD and MROD activities are also described. Eadie-Hofstee plot analysis demonstrated a biphasic kinetic of EROD, indicating that at least two forms of cytochrome P450 are involved in this reaction. MROD followed monophasic kinetic, suggesting that a single enzyme, or enzymes with similar affinities, is responsible for the reaction. Inhibitory effects of α-naphthoflavone (ANF), ellipticine and furafylline were studied using microsomes from entire and castrated male pigs. ANF is a known inhibitor of both cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1A2 (CYP1A1 and CYP1A2); the presence of ANF in the incubations resulted in the inhibition of both EROD and MROD activities in porcine liver microsomes. EROD activities in porcine liver microsomes were also inhibited by selective CYP1A1 inhibitor ellipticine, but not by CYP1A2 inhibitor furafylline. MROD activities were strongly inhibited by ellipticine and to a much lesser extent by furafylline. Further studies are needed to evaluate substrate specificities of porcine CYP1A1 and CYP1A2

In vitro inhibition of porcine cytochrome P450 by 17β -estradiol and 17α-estradiol

Sexually mature pigs are known to possess high concentrations of testicular steroids, which have been shown to change the activities of cytochrome P450 in vitro. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the regulation of CYP1A and CYP2E1 activity by the steroids dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 3β-androstenol, 17β-estradiol and 17α-estradiol. Catalytic activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and 7-methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (MROD) were used as markers of CYP1A activities, while p-nitrophenol hydroxylase (PNPH) was used as a marker of CYP2E1 activities. Of the steroids tested, only 17β-estradiol and 17α-estradiol inhibited EROD and MROD activities. This inhibition was observed when a steroid concentration of 100 µM was used, while lower concentrations showed no inhibitory effect. PNPH activities were inhibited only by 100 µM of 17β-estradiol. The significance of these results in vivo is unknown because inhibition was only found when concentrations of estrogens higher than physiological levels were used. Nevertheless, the results provided further evidence on the important role of estrogens in regulation of porcine cytochrome P450 activities