Particle and Antiparticle sectors in DSR1 and kappa-Minkowski space-time

In this paper we explore the problem of antiparticles in DSR1 and $\kappa$-Minkowski space-time following three different approaches inspired by the Lorentz invariant case: a) the dispersion relation, b) the Dirac equation in space-time and c) the Dirac equation in momentum space. We find that it is possible to define a map $S_{dsr}$ which gives the antiparticle sector from the negative frequency solutions of the wave equation. In $\kappa$-Poincar\'e, the corresponding map $S_{kp}$ is the antipodal mapping, which is different from $S_{dsr}$. The difference is related to the composition law, which is crucial to define the multiparticle sector of the theory. This discussion permits to show that the energy of the antiparticle in DSR is the positive root of the dispersion relation, which is consistent with phenomenological approaches.Comment: 15 pages, no figures, some references added, typos correcte

Pengaruh Pemberian Ketotifen terhadap Jumlah Sel Fibroblas dan Kepadatan Sel Kolagen pada Luka Insisi Tikus Wistar

Ingga Hadian, S-501202027. PENGARUH PEMBERIAN KETOTIFEN TERHADAP JUMLAH SEL FIBROBLAS DAN KEPADATAN SEL KOLAGEN PADA LUKA INSISI TIKUS WISTAR. Pembimbing I : DR. Untung Alfianto, dr, Sp.Bs, Pembimbing II : dr. Ardana Tri Arianto. Msi. Med. Sp.An-KNA. Program studi Magister Kedokteran Keluarga, Minat Utama Ilmu Biomedik, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, 2016. Latar Belakang : Sel mast merupakan salah satu yang berperan dalam proses inflamasi pada penyembuhan luka. Sel mast dikaitkan dengan kejadian luka kronis, sehingga sel mast diduga ikut memelihara proses inflamasi secara berlebihan. Hambatan pada degranulasi sel mast diharapkan akan mempercepat penyembuhan luka yang ditandai dengan meningkatnya jumlah sel fibroblas dan kepadatan sel kolagen. Ketotifen mampu mengurangi dreganulasi sel Mast dan mengurangi pelepasan Histamin, protease sel Mast, myeloperoxidase, leukotriens, PAF dan bermacam-macam Prostaglandin. Ketotifen juga menghambat agregasi polimorfonuklear serta mengurangi respon inflamasi dan mempercepat migrasi fibroblas di fase proliferasi. Tujuan :Mengetahui perbedaan jumlah sel fibroblas dan kepadatan sel kolagen pada tikus wistar yang diberikan Ketotifen oral dosis 0.3 mg/kg dibandingkan plasebo pada penyembuhan luka insisi tikus wistar. Metode : Penelitian ini termasuk true eksperimental laboratorik dengan desain Randomized Controlled Trial yang menggunakan tikus wistar sebagai obyek penelitian. 14 tikus Wistar dibagi dalam 2 kelompok, masing masing kelompok terdiri atas 7 tikus Wistar. Kelompok 1 merupakan kelompok kontrol yang dilakukan insisi sepanjang 2cm pada kulit punggung tikus dan diberikan plasebo per oral selama 6 hari. Kelompok 2 merupakan kelompok perlakuan yang dilakukan insisi sepanjang 2cm pada kulit punggung tikus dan diberikan Ketotifen 0,3 mg/kgBB per oral setiap 12 jam selama 6 hari. Analisis data untuk membandingkan rerata antar kedua kelompok yaitu kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol menggunakan uji independent samples t-test, dengan tingkat kemaknaan p < 0,05 (dikatakan bermakna secara statistik). Hasil : Pada kelompok kontrol didapatkan rerata persentase kepadatan sel kolagen sebesar 26,05 %, sedangkan pada kelompok Ketotifen didapatkan rerata persentase kepadatan sel kolagen sebesar 36,13 %. Untuk jumlah sel fibroblas pada kelompok kontrol didapatkan rerata sebesar 423 per lapang pandang, sedangkan pada kelompok Ketotifen didapatkan rerata sebesar 555,43 per lapang pandang. Kesimpulan : Ketotifen mempercepat penyembuhan luka ditandai dengan peningkatan sel fibroblas dan sel kolagen. Kata Kunci : Sel Mast, Ketotifen, Sel fibroblas, Serabut Kolagen. ABSTRACT Ingga Hadian, S-501202027. EFFECTS OF KETOTIFEN ON FIBROBLAST CELL COUNT AND COLLAGEN DENSITY ON INCISED WISTAR RATS. DR. Untung Alfianto, dr., Sp.BS, dr. Ardana Tri Arianto, Msi, Med, Sp.An-KNA. Background: Mast cells have a pivotal role in every healing process that involves inflammation of the cells, usually in wounds of chronic nature. If the degranulation process of the mast cells are inhibited, the healing process of the wound will accelerate, indicated by a raise in fibroblast cells and collagen density. Ketotifen are shown to inhibit the degranulation process and decreasing the release of histamin, mast cells proteases, myeloperoxidases, leukotriens, PAF, and various prostaglandins. Ketotifen can also inhibit the aggregation of polymorphonuclear cells, increasing the rate of fibroblast migration in the proliferation phase. This study was aimed to identify the effects of ketotifen on fibroblast cell count and collagen density tested on a wistar rats model. Methods: This study was a true laboratoric experimental study with randomized controlled trial using wistar rats model as objects. 14 rats were divided into two groups, each group contained seven rats. The first group was the control group, where the rats were incised 2 cm above the back skin, and were given per oral placebo for 6 days. The second group were given the same treatment, only the rats were given ketotifen 0.3 mg/kg per oral, every 12 hours lasting 6 days. The data were then collected and tested with independent sample t-test, with p value less than 0,05 is statistically significant. Results: In the control group, the mean percentage of the thickest collagen density were marked at 26.05%, whereas in the treatment group collagen density were marked at 36.13%. The mean fibroblast cell count were marked at 423 and 555.43 each viewing field, on the control group and the treatment group respectively. Conclusion: Ketotifen can accelerate the healing process, marked by the significant increase in collagen density and fibroblast cell count. Keywords: mast cells, ketotifen, fibroblast cells, collagen fibers

Multiwavelength observations of a TeV-Flare from W comae

We report results from an intensive multiwavelength campaign on the intermediate-frequency-peaked BL Lacertae object W Com (z = 0.102) during a strong outburst of very high energy gamma-ray emission in 2008 June. The very high energy gamma-ray signal was detected by VERITAS on 2008 June 7-8 with a flux F(>200 GeV) =(5.7 0.6) × 10-11 cm-2 s -1, about three times brighter than during the discovery of gamma-ray emission from W Com by VERITAS in 2008 March. The initial detection of this flare by VERITAS at energies above 200 GeV was followed by observations in high-energy gamma rays (AGILE; E γ≥ 100 MeV), X-rays (Swift and XMM-Newton), and at UV, and ground-based optical and radio monitoring through the GASP-WEBT consortium and other observatories. Here we describe the multiwavelength data and derive the spectral energy distribution of the source from contemporaneous data taken throughout the flare. © 2009. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved

The Great Markarian 421 Flare of 2010 February: Multiwavelength Variability and Correlation Studies

We report on variability and correlation studies using multiwavelength observations of the blazar Mrk 421 during the month of 2010 February, when an extraordinary flare reaching a level of ∼27 Crab Units above 1 TeV was measured in very high energy (VHE) γ-rays with the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) observatory. This is the highest flux state for Mrk 421 ever observed in VHE γ-rays. Data are analyzed from a coordinated campaign across multiple instruments, including VHE γ-ray (VERITAS, Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov), high-energy γ-ray (Fermi-LAT), X-ray (Swift, Rossi X-ray Timing Experiment, MAXI), optical (including the GASP-WEBT collaboration and polarization data), and radio (Metsahovi, Owens Valley Radio Observatory, University of Michigan Radio Astronomy Observatory). Light curves are produced spanning multiple days before and after the peak of the VHE flare, including over several flare "decline" epochs. The main flare statistics allow 2 minute time bins to be constructed in both the VHE and optical bands enabling a cross-correlation analysis that shows evidence for an optical lag of ∼25-55 minutes, the first time-lagged correlation between these bands reported on such short timescales. Limits on the Doppler factor (δ ⪆ 33) and the size of the emission region (δ-1RB≲ 3.8 × 1013cm) are obtained from the fast variability observed by VERITAS during the main flare. Analysis of 10 minute binned VHE and X-ray data over the decline epochs shows an extraordinary range of behavior in the flux-flux relationship, from linear to quadratic to lack of correlation to anticorrelation. Taken together, these detailed observations of an unprecedented flare seen in Mrk 421 are difficult to explain with the classic single-zone synchrotron self-Compton model.</p

Insights into the high-energy γ-ray emission of Markarian 501 from extensive multifrequency observations in the Fermi era

We report on the γ-ray activity of the blazar Mrk 501 during the first 480 days of Fermi operation. We find that the average Large Area Telescope (LAT) γ-ray spectrum of Mrk 501 can be well described by a single power-law function with a photon index of 1.78 ± 0.03. While we observe relatively mild flux variations with the Fermi-LAT (within less than a factor of two), we detect remarkable spectral variability where the hardest observed spectral index within the LAT energy range is 1.52 ± 0.14, and the softest one is 2.51 ± 0.20. These unexpected spectral changes do not correlate with the measured flux variations above 0.3 GeV. In this paper, we also present the first results from the 4.5 month long multifrequency campaign (2009 March 15-August 1) on Mrk 501, which included the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), Swift, RXTE, MAGIC, and VERITAS, the F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, and other collaborations and instruments which provided excellent temporal and energy coverage of the source throughout the entire campaign. The extensive radio to TeV data set from this campaign provides us with the most detailed spectral energy distribution yet collected for this source during its relatively low activity. The average spectral energy distribution of Mrk 501 is well described by the standard one-zone synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model. In the framework of this model, we find that the dominant emission region is characterized by a size ≲0.1 pc (comparable within a factor of few to the size of the partially resolved VLBA core at 15-43 GHz), and that the total jet power (≃1044 erg s-1) constitutes only a small fraction (∼10-3) of the Eddington luminosity. The energy distribution of the freshly accelerated radiating electrons required to fit the time-averaged data has a broken power-law form in the energy range 0.3 GeV-10 TeV, with spectral indices 2.2 and 2.7 below and above the break energy of 20 GeV. We argue that such a form is consistent with a scenario in which the bulk of the energy dissipation within the dominant emission zone of Mrk 501 is due to relativistic, proton-mediated shocks. We find that the ultrarelativistic electrons and mildly relativistic protons within the blazar zone, if comparable in number, are in approximate energy equipartition, with their energy dominating the jet magnetic field energy by about two orders of magnitude. © 2011. The American Astronomical Society

Sulla Biodiversità orchidologica della Basilicata

Abstract The current strategy for enhancing environment and landscape named EcoRegionalConservation is focused on in situ conservation of germplasm and aims to protect biodiversity as a "service on the territory". Since the effect of several anthropic factors i n the last years interested many ecosystems, there is the need of a deeper and more specific analysis of the biodiversity by taxonomy, karyology and habitat of several species. For its widest existing variability, the Orchidaceae family represents an interesting group to monitor the biodiversity in the Basilicata region . To document the presence and the distribution of this group, 51 sites, spread on all the Basilicata region, were explored and 311 entities belonging to 18 genera ( Ophrys, Orchis, Serapias, Dactylorhiza, Aceras, Platanthera, Cephalanthera, Himantoglossum, Anacamptis, Gymnadenia, Epipactis, Coeloglossum, Neotinea, Neottia, Limodorum, Barlia, Listera, Spiranthes ) and 8 interspecific hybrids were classified. The karyological characterisation confirmed the data available in literature, suggesting a further dee pening of the quantitative results on chromosomal numbers by means of qualitative studies on their morphology and behaviour. Within the same species the morpho - biometric data revealed highly polymorphic labella and polychrome flowers. The results on the o rchids altitude presence showed a preferential habitat at approximately 1000 meters above sea level. The flowering time varied from February in the species of stations at sea level, until September in the stations at high altitude, with a flowering peak in May (>52%). The exposure surveys have indicated the presence of distributed entities in the west (39%), east (31%) and south (16%); few species found in North. The results of this investigation are a contribution to safeguard and to utilize this germplasm in in situ conservation like a “natural economic capital”

A Comparison Between Ethanol and Biodiesel Production: The Brazilian and European Experiences

Industrialized countries’ dependence on fossil fuels has been distressing for a long time for countries that do not have self-sufficiency, whether for environmental, economic, geopolitical, or other reasons. In this context, it is understood that the burning of fossil fuels contributes to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) increasing the risk of intensifying climatic disturbances that can deteriorate the processes of production, consumption, and welfare in the world. Therefore, the development of alternative energy sources can provide solutions for the gaps, since reducing exposure to the vulnerability of supply and price volatility, environmental issues, and even the development of new investment opportunities in these countries. This is due to the possibility of developing innovations in the production and processing industry, which would contribute to the economic activity. Thus, increasing the use of bioenergy is one of the existing ways to reconcile the need to expand the supply of energy with the slowdown in global warming, i.e., the most important and disseminated use would be the biomass power generated by the consumption of biofuels, once it reduces GGE emissions

The Great Markarian 421 Flare of 2010 February: Multiwavelength Variability and Correlation Studies

© 2020. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. We report on variability and correlation studies using multiwavelength observations of the blazar Mrk 421 during the month of 2010 February, when an extraordinary flare reaching a level of ∼27 Crab Units above 1 TeV was measured in very high energy (VHE) γ-rays with the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) observatory. This is the highest flux state for Mrk 421 ever observed in VHE γ-rays. Data are analyzed from a coordinated campaign across multiple instruments, including VHE γ-ray (VERITAS, Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov), high-energy γ-ray (Fermi-LAT), X-ray (Swift, Rossi X-ray Timing Experiment, MAXI), optical (including the GASP-WEBT collaboration and polarization data), and radio (Metsahovi, Owens Valley Radio Observatory, University of Michigan Radio Astronomy Observatory). Light curves are produced spanning multiple days before and after the peak of the VHE flare, including over several flare "decline" epochs. The main flare statistics allow 2 minute time bins to be constructed in both the VHE and optical bands enabling a cross-correlation analysis that shows evidence for an optical lag of ∼25-55 minutes, the first time-lagged correlation between these bands reported on such short timescales. Limits on the Doppler factor (δ ⪆ 33) and the size of the emission region (δ-1RB≲ 3.8 × 1013cm) are obtained from the fast variability observed by VERITAS during the main flare. Analysis of 10 minute binned VHE and X-ray data over the decline epochs shows an extraordinary range of behavior in the flux-flux relationship, from linear to quadratic to lack of correlation to anticorrelation. Taken together, these detailed observations of an unprecedented flare seen in Mrk 421 are difficult to explain with the classic single-zone synchrotron self-Compton model