3 research outputs found

    Hydrogen blending effect on fiscal and metrological instrumentation: A review

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    A green hydrogen (H2) economy requires a sustainable, efficient, safe, and widespread infrastructure for transporting and distributing H2 from production to consumption sites. Transporting a hydrogen/natural gas (H2NG) mixture, including pure H2, through the existing European natural gas (NG) infrastructure is considered a cost-effective solution, particularly in the transitional phase. Several reasons justify the H2NG blending option. The NG infrastructure can be efficiently repurposed to transport H2, by blending H2 with NG, to operate as H2 daily storage, matching production and demand and to enable large-scale seasonal H2 storage. Although many benefits exist, the potential of existing NG grids for transporting and distributing green H2 may face limitations due to technical, economic, or normative concerns. This paper focuses on the state of the art of the European NG transmission and distribution metrology normative framework and identifies the gaps to be filled in case of H2NG flowing into the existing grids. The paper was revised to provide a comprehensive analysis of the practical implications resulting from the H2NG blend option

    Determination of surfactants in environmental samples descending from areas of oil and gas industry activity

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    Ze wzgl臋du na powszechne stosowanie zwi膮zk贸w powierzchniowo czynnych, ich toksyczno艣膰 oraz swobodne przemieszczanie w r贸偶nych elementach ekosystemu istotnym zagadnieniem staje si臋 poznanie losu 艣rodowiskowego surfaktant贸w. Zwi膮zki te obecne s膮 r贸wnie偶 w produktach oraz odpadach wiertniczych. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono wyniki walidacji spektrofotometrycznej metody oznaczania surfaktant贸w anionowych w pr贸bkach odpad贸w o z艂o偶onej matrycy pochodz膮cych z teren贸w dzia艂alno艣ci g贸rnictwa naftowego i gazownictwa. Zaprezentowano r贸wnie偶 wyniki bada艅 z zastosowaniem opracowanej metody dla pr贸bek rzeczywistych, w tym pr贸bek p艂yn贸w do szczelinowania oraz pr贸bek ciek艂ych i sta艂ych odpad贸w wiertniczych.Due to the widespread use of surfactants, their toxicity and ability to move freely in different parts of the ecosystem, knowledge about environmental fate of surfactants becomes an important issue. These compounds are also present in drilling products as well as wastes. This article presents the results of validation of a spectrophotometric method for the determination of anionic surfactants in waste samples with complex matrix, deriving from areas of oil and gas industry activity. The article also shows the results of studies based on the developed method applied to real samples including fracturing fluids as well as liquid and solid drilling waste

    Soil sampling in the context of land surface pollution assessment

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    W artykule om贸wiono prawodawstwo w zakresie pobierania pr贸bek gleby, obowi膮zuj膮ce podczas prowadzenia oceny zanieczyszczenia powierzchni ziemi. Dokonany przegl膮d pokaza艂, 偶e na szczeblu unijnym problem regulacji prawnej zwi膮zanej z ochron膮 gleb zosta艂 dostrze偶ony, lecz nadal nie dosz艂o do wprowadzenia jednej dyrektywy poruszaj膮cej ten temat. W przypadku regulacji krajowych istnieje rozporz膮dzenie podejmuj膮ce zagadnienia zwi膮zane z pobieraniem pr贸bek gleb w celu dokonania oceny zanieczyszczenia powierzchni ziemi, kt贸ra powinna by膰 prowadzona na podstawie wiarygodnych wynik贸w wraz z oszacowan膮 niepewno艣ci膮, uwzgl臋dniaj膮c膮 wszystkie kluczowe sk艂adowe. Zaprezentowano wyniki bada艅 otrzymane dla pr贸bek gleby, pobranych zgodnie z om贸wionymi regulacjami prawnymi. Na podstawie wynik贸w analiz czterech parametr贸w otrzymanych dla pr贸bek pobranych zgodnie z projektem zr贸wnowa偶onym (polegaj膮cym na wykonaniu dwukrotnych analiz dla dwukrotnie pobranych pr贸bek z o艣miu obiekt贸w), oszacowano niepewno艣膰 procesu oraz jej sk艂adowe (stosuj膮c analiz臋 wariancji robust ANOVA). Najbardziej znacz膮cym udzia艂em w oszacowanej niepewno艣ci procesu (Umeas) by艂a niepewno艣膰 pochodz膮ca z etapu pobierania pr贸bek.The article discusses the legislation in the field of soil sampling, which is obligatory during the assessment of soil surface pollution. The review showed that at the EU level, the problem of legal regulation related to soil protection has been noticed, but a single directive dealing with soil protection has not yet been implemented. In the case of national regulations, there is one that deals with issues related to the sampling of soils in order to assess the pollution of the Earth surface. The assessment of ground contamination should be based on reliable results together with estimated uncertainty, which takes into account all key components. The results of the tests obtained for the soil samples that have been collected according to mentioned legal regulations have been presented and discussed. The article shows the results of empirical methodology (robust ANOVA) using data from balanced experimental design, which includes duplicate samples analyzed in duplicate from 8 sampling targets. Robust ANOVA methodology is used for the estimation of the uncertainty arising from the manual sampling of soils and determination of four tested parameters. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the most significant contribution to the estimated uncertainty of the process (Umeas), was the uncertainty arising from sampling
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