Level of awareness and knowledge of emergency contraception in patients undergoing induced abortions in a rural part of India

Background: Emergency Contraceptive Pills (ECP) was introduced in National Family Welfare programme of India since 2003 and is easily available. Aim of this study was to assess the awareness and knowledge of ECP in the women undergoing induced abortion, which represent huge number of unintended pregnancies in India which have negative impact on health resources.Methods: This questionnaire based cross-sectional study was conducted for 10 months in Government Medical College in Miraj and included 110 women.Results: 57.2 %, women belonged to 20 to 30 years of age. 89% attended some years of school. 33.6% of patients were not using any contraception while 47.27 % had irregularly used some contraception; only 19.09 % were using contraception regularly. Only 7.2 % patients had ever heard of emergency contraception pills while none had ever used or knew how to use ECPs. None of the patients knew if ECP were available in any government hospitals.Conclusions: The huge number of patients undergoing MTP in represent increased surgical load on the government medical facilities. Majority of literate patients signifies the potential target area for contraception counselling and will be much ready to accept some form of contraception including ECPs as a backup. Only 7.2 % had ever heard of emergency contraception points to the glaring deficits in knowledge and practice of ECP despite government efforts. Government centres should promote ECP aggressively as was done in case of barriers/ CuT methods along with proper counselling

Analytical Method Development of Saxagliptin HCl by RP-HPLC

Reversed-phase chromatography is the mainly used in chromatographic mode, it is used to separate neutral molecules in solution based on their hydrophobicity. This technique is the reverse of normal-phase chromatography in the intelligence that it involves the employ of a polar mobile phase and a non-polar stationary phase. A sensitive, accurate, rapid, cost effective and robust HPLC method was developed for the quantification of Saxagliptin Hydrochloride (SGH) with UV detector. In this method, a reversed-phase Grace C18 (250mm x 4.6ID, Particle size: 5 micron) column with a mobile phase of methanol: water (80:20; v/v) at 0.8ml/min flow rate was used to separate SGH with a detection of 212nm.The volume injected was 20 µL. The retention time of SGH was obtained as 4.196 min. Hence it can be applied for routine analysis of Saxagliptin Hydrochloride (SGH) in bulk drug. Keywords: Saxagliptin Hydrochloride (SGH), RP-HPLC, Assay, Method validation

Formulation and evaluation of Vasaka granules for asthma

Asthma is a chronic disease of bronchi which usually requires continuous medical care. Approaches for drug formulation that easy to administer especially for chronic diseases can form valuable therapy.Azathodavasica is a plant believed to have several therapeutic effects including antiasthmatic properties.It is the leaves,which are of great importance for asthma. Azathodavasicaneesbelonging to family Acanthaceae, it is found mainly in India It is also called as vasaka. vasaka herb is used for treating cold cough and asthma. It is a well-knownayurvedic medicine for expectorant and helps to ease out the phlegm.Vasaka leaves contain quinazoline alkaloids such as vasicinone, vasicine, vasicinol, vasicol granules can be used for the treatment of asthma as they offer advantages such as faster disintegration and dissolution as compare to tablet capsules.1 Keywords: vasicinone, vasicine, vasicol, Acanthaceae, Azathoda

Unveiling Dark Matter free-streaming at the smallest scales with high redshift Lyman-alpha forest

This study introduces novel constraints on the free-streaming of thermal relic warm dark matter (WDM) from Lyman-$\alpha$ forest flux power spectra. Our analysis utilises a high-resolution, high-redshift sample of quasar spectra observed using the HIRES and UVES spectrographs ($z=4.2-5.0$). We employ a Bayesian inference framework and a simulation-based likelihood that encompasses various parameters including the free-streaming of dark matter, cosmological parameters, the thermal history of the intergalactic medium, and inhomogeneous reionization, to establish lower limits on the mass of a thermal relic WDM particle of $5.7\;\mathrm{keV}$ (at 95\% C.L.). This result surpasses previous limits from the Lyman-$\alpha$ forest through reduction of the measured uncertainties due to a larger statistical sample and by measuring clustering to smaller scales ($k_{\rm max}=0.2\;\mathrm{km^{-1}\,s}$). The approximately two-fold improvement due to the expanded statistical sample suggests that the effectiveness of Lyman-$\alpha$ forest constraints on WDM models at high redshifts are limited by the availability of high-quality quasar spectra. Restricting the analysis to comparable scales and thermal history priors as in prior studies ($k_{\rm max}<0.1\;\mathrm{km^{-1}\,s}$) lowers the bound on the WDM mass to $4.1\;\mathrm{keV}$. As the precision of the measurements increases, it becomes crucial to examine the instrumental and modelling systematics. On the modelling front, we argue that the impact of the thermal history uncertainty on the WDM particle mass constraint has diminished due to improved independent observations. At the smallest scales, the primary source of modeling systematic arises from the structure in the peculiar velocity of the intergalactic medium and inhomogeneous reionization.Comment: 22 pages, 14 figures, 2 tables; submitte