University Science and Education in the Context of Artificial Intelligence

Computerization, digitalization, and robotization are the bright signs of modern life. In this regard, a long-standing scientific problem of artificial intelligence has now acquired a new sound and a variety of applied aspects. The higher education system has also become involved in the information technology orbit. Using the example of Voronezh State University, two main areas of informatization and computerization are revealed: first, the scientific development of artificial intelligence problems by university scientists and the use of artificial intelligence technologies for research, and, second, training of modern specialists in the field of IT technologies in specialized faculties and the expansion of the digital competence among the graduates of other training areas and specialties. The article discusses the need for students’ comprehensive acquaintance with this area of modern scientific knowledge which includes the capabilities of artificial intelligence technologies and its limitations as well

Russia’s Legal Transitions: Marxist Theory, Neoclassical Economics and the Rule of Law

We review the role of economic theory in shaping the process of legal change in Russia during the two transitions it experienced during the course of the twentieth century: the transition to a socialist economy organised along the lines of state ownership of the means of production in the 1920s, and the transition to a market economy which occurred after the fall of the Soviet Union in the 1990s. Despite differences in methodology and in policy implications, Marxist theory, dominant in the 1920s, and neoclassical economics, dominant in the 1990s, offered a similarly reductive account of law as subservient to wider economic forces. In both cases, the subordinate place accorded to law undermined the transition process. Although path dependence and history are frequently invoked to explain the limited development of the rule of law in Russia during the 1990s, policy choices driven by a deterministic conception of law and economics also played a role.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40803-015-0012-

Personality profiles and the "russian soul": Literary and scholarly views evaluated

Many domestic and foreign observers have claimed that Russians have a unique constellation of personality traits that mirrors their distinctive historical and cultural experience. To examine the hypothesized uniqueness of Russian personality, members of the Russian Character and Personality Survey collected data from 39 samples in 33 administrative areas of the Russian Federation. Respondents (N = 7,065) identified an ethnically Russian adult or college-aged man or woman whom they knew well and rated the target using the Russian observer-rating version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. The mean personality profile of Russians was very similar to the international average based on 50 different countries, debunking the myth of a unique Russian soul.The small variations from world norms did not converge with depictions of Russian national character in fiction and the scholarly literature. New items intended to capture distinctive, emic aspects of Russian personality provided no new information beyond the familiar Big Five dimensions. Religion, ethnicity, and beliefs about the uniqueness of the Russian character and the malleability of personality traits had little effect on personality ratings. Perceptions of the Russian soul do not seem to be based on the personality traits of Russians

Autonomy of Modern Russian Universities: Rectors’ Attitude

The problem of University autonomy goes back centuries. However, it has not lost its relevance today, and is far from final resolution. This problem has been solved in different ways in different historical periods and in different countries. There is no unambiguity in the approaches to its development even today. It is particularly significant for modern Russia, which is faced with the task of achieving the competitiveness of domestic higher education in the global educational space and ensuring its high-quality functioning, which would become a solid foundation for further progress and prosperity of the country. The authors highlight a new aspect in the study of this problem, namely, the perception of the state of autonomy of Russian universities by their rectors. At the same time, it is emphasized that the subjective and psychological aspect of the issue is no less important than the study of legal or economic aspects, since the opinion of rectors reflects the consolidated position of thousands of higher school employees whose social well-being is a significant factor in the effectiveness of universities. Based on the survey of rectors of regional universities, the article reveals some general trends and specific positions of those heads of higher education institutions that indicate a narrowing of University autonomy at the present time, and those who consider its current state to be satisfactory and stable

AN EFFECT OF UNIVERSITY LEADER’S CONFIDENCE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A UNIVERSITY

The conditions of the traditional resources limitation compel the universities to improve their efficiency by means of transition from extensive to intensive development, i.e. by using the internal resources.The purpose of the article is the analysis of the situations when the effectiveness of a university is mostly determined by the socio-psychological determinants, such as personality of a University head, his (her) characteristics, experience, professional competence, and others. Using the method of logical-psychological analysis the authors have found the most favorable conditions for the University’s effectiveness, when the rector – an official head is also recognized as a leader of a team and characterized by self-confidence as an essential quality of a leader. It is the most important «soft» competence which is relevant for a modern manager. The correlations between certain aspects of the University leader self-confidence and some university resources are revealed. It is concluded that the leadership capacity of the University head is a basic inner resource for University’s effective and stable movement forward. The paper formulates the proposals improve the mechanism of nomination of candidates for position passing interview and examination at the Attestation Commission under the Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation

Стресс инноваций в образовании

This article focuses on the stress of innovation in higher and secondary education. The authors discuss the concept of stress of innovation. The stress of innovation in educational institutions is the stress that occurs in the process and as a result of introducing innovations in education. Iinnovations for students and teachers are situations evoked stress and post-stress disorders (didactogeny in forms of pediogeny, mathetogeny and eductogeny). Innovation also acts as a way to overcome such stresses, problems, and development crises. These violations and attempts to transform them concern the transformations and deformations of personal, interpersonal, and organizational levels. It is important to note the relationship between causes and consequences, as well as the manifestations of stress of teachers and students at the personal, interactive, educational and organizational levels. The main study objectives are to find out how the stress of innovation in education affects the professional and academic success of teachers and students; and what way it relates to their satisfaction with themselves, their health and life in general. The main research method is a theoretical analysis of problems of the stress of innovation among students and teachers in higher education. At the same time, many conclusions were generalized and extended to secondary education and education in general. The obtained results made it possible to conclude that pupils (students) and teachers need both training in productive and effective methods of preventing and correcting the stress of innovation in situations of organizational and didactic development or, conversely, stagnation, in the context of reforms and other changes, and ideas about possibilities, limitations, mechanisms and directions of development in crisis and stress periods. Crisis and stress states of the child or adult psyche are conditions, which forming and fasten the risk of deviant behavior, developmental disorders, diseases and injuries, etc. These changes become more pronounced in cases, when under conditions of training and education, work and leisure existing and changing relationships in the process of innovation and other changes are not taken into account. All productive and effective innovations in education are connected by an idea – the creation of conditions under which the development of a man as a person, partner and student/professional is inevitable, and not just stated or impossible. While developing an integrative model to prevent and overcome the stress of innovation for students and teachers (in case of mathetogeny, pediogeny and eductogeny), it is important to set and solve the tasks of stress prevention and correction in the process of developing education subjects in different contexts: educational, professional, personal and interactive development ones. Preventing and correcting education in innovative education (and the stress from innovation) is associated with the prevention and correction of pediogeneias (harm caused by the wrong, destructive and pathological attitude of teachers to students), mathetogenias (harm caused by the wrong, destructive and pathological attitude of students to teachers), and eductogenias (harm associated with the deformation of organizational conditions and forms of training and education). A component of this work is psychological (psychotherapeutic) assistance to the education subjects (in the form of one-time consultations and trainings, coaching and systematic support). Such assistance, even in the form of one-time consultations, should nevertheless be aimed at systematic, integrative prevention and correction of stresses in education, including the stresses of innovation.Данная статья посвящена стрессу инноваций в высшем и среднем образовании. Авторы обсуждают понятие стресса инноваций. Стресс инноваций в учреждениях образования – стресс, который возникает в процессе и результате введения инноваций в образовании. Для студентов и преподавателей инновации – ситуация, рождающая стрессы и постстрессовые нарушения (дидактогении в форме педиогений, матетогений и эдьюктогений). Инновации также выступают как способы преодоления таких стрессов, проблем и кризисов развития. Эти нарушения и попытки их преобразования касаются трансформаций и деформаций персонального, интерперсонального и организационного уровней. Важно отметить взаимосвязь причин и последствий, а также проявлений стрессов преподавателей и студентов на личностном, интерактивном, учебном и организационном уровнях. Основные цели исследования – выяснить, как стресс от инноваций в образовании воздействует на профессиональный и академический успех преподавателей и студентов и как он связан с их удовлетворенностью собой, своим здоровьем и жизнью в целом. Основным методом исследования выступил теоретический анализ проблем стресса инноваций у студентов и преподавателей в высшем образовании. Вместе с тем многие выводы были обобщены и распространены на среднее образование и образование в целом. Полученные результаты позволили заключить, что ученики (студенты) и учителя (преподаватели) нуждаются в обучении не только продуктивным и эффективным методам предотвращения и коррекции стресса инноваций / нововведений в ситуациях организационно-дидактического развития или, напротив, застоя в условиях реформ и других изменений, но и представлениям о возможностях, ограничениях, механизмах и направлениях развития в моменты кризисов и стрессов. Кризисные и стрессовые состояния психики ребенка и взрослого человека – это состояния, при которых возрастает риск формирования и закрепления девиантного поведения, нарушений развития, заболеваний и травм и т. д. Эти изменения становятся более выраженными в тех случаях, когда в условиях обучения и воспитания, работы и отдыха существующие и изменяющиеся отношения в процессе инноваций и другие изменения не принимаются во внимание. Все продуктивные и эффективные инновации в образовании связаны одной идеей – созданием условий, при которых развитие человека как личности, партнера и ученика / профессионала неизбежно, а не просто заявлено или невозможно. При разработке интегративной модели профилактики и преодоления стрессов инноваций для учащихся и преподавателей (при матетогениях, педиогениях и эдьюктогениях) важно поставить и решить задачи профилактики и коррекции стресса в контексте развития субъектов образования в разных контекстах: в контексте образовательного, профессионального, личностного и интерактивного развития. Профилактика и коррекция стресса в инновационном образовании (и в стрессе от инноваций) связана с профилактикой и коррекцией педиогений (вреда, вызванного неправильным, разрушительным и патологизирующим отношением учителей к ученикам), матетогений (вреда, причиняемого неправильным, разрушительным и патологизирующим отношением учащихся к учителям) и эдьюктогений (вреда, связанного с деформацией организационных условий и форм обучения и воспитания). Один из компонентов работы – психологическая (психотерапевтическая) помощь субъектам образования (в форме разовых консультаций и тренингов, коучинга и систематического сопровождения). Такая помощь, даже в виде разовых консультаций, все же должна быть нацелена на системную, интегративную профилактику и коррекцию стрессов в образовании, включая стрессы инновации