Comparative cytogenetics of four endemic Capoeta (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) species from Anatolia, Türkiye

The genus Capoeta is an important taxon covering a wide distribution in Türkiye. However, only a few genetic studies on Capoeta species reported from Türkiye. There is no cytogenetical study in Capoeta aydinensis Turan, Küçük, Kaya, Güçlü & Bektaş, 2017, Capoeta bergamae Karaman, 1969, Capoeta erhani Turan, Kottelat & Ekmekçi, 2008 and Capoeta pestai (Pietschmann, 1933). Thus, in this study, we karyotyped through classical cytogenetic techniques (Giemsa staining, Ag-NORs, and C-banding) the four endemic Capoeta species. The diploid chromosome number invariably was 150 in the four species. However, chromosome morphologies in the karyotypes had some differences between them. The number of biarmed chromosomes in the karyotypes was higher in all studied species. Their karyotypes contained respectively: 54 metacentric, 42 submetacentric and 54 subtelo-acrocentric in C. aydinensis, 56 metacentric, 30 submetacentric and 64 subtelo-acrocentric in C. bergamae, 50 metacentric, 42 submetacentric and 58 subtelo-acrocentric in C. erhani and 44 metacentric, 40 submetacentric and 66 subtelo-acrocentric chromosomes in C. pestai. C-bands were on the pericentromeres of most chromosomes in the four species. Three chromosome pairs carry rDNA genes in all studied species. The chromosomal locations of these sites were varied between the species. This study provides new insights into the chromosomal data of the hexaploid cyprinids. Moreover, obtained cytogenetic results should be conclude the cytotaxonomy of the genus Capoeta that distributed in Türkiye

Present and Future Salmonid Cytogenetics

Salmonids are extremely important economically and scientifically; therefore, dynamic developments in their research have occurred and will continue occurring in the future. At the same time, their complex phylogeny and taxonomy are challenging for traditional approaches in research. Here, we first provide discoveries regarding the hitherto completely unknown cytogenetic characteristics of the Anatolian endemic flathead trout, Salmo platycephalus, and summarize the presently known, albeit highly complicated, situation in the genus Salmo. Secondly, by outlining future directions of salmonid cytogenomics, we have produced a prototypical virtual karyotype of Salmo trutta, the closest relative of S. platycephalus. This production is now possible thanks to the high-quality genome assembled to the chromosome level in S. trutta via soft-masking, including a direct labelling of repetitive sequences along the chromosome sequence. Repetitive sequences were crucial for traditional fish cytogenetics and hence should also be utilized in fish cytogenomics. As such virtual karyotypes become increasingly available in the very near future, it is necessary to integrate both present and future approaches to maximize their respective benefits. Finally, we show how the presumably repetitive sequences in salmonids can change the understanding of the overall relationship between genome size and G+C content, creating another outstanding question in salmonid cytogenomics waiting to be resolved

Constitutive heterochromatin in Acanthobrama marmid and Cyprinion macrostomus (Osteichthyes, Cyprinidae)

WOS: 000266282200003Constitutive heterochromatin were studied in two Cyprinids Acanthobrama marmid and Cyprinion macrostomus in Turkey. The C-band patterns of the metaphase chromosomes of these species were reported. Diploid chromosome number was 2n=50 in all specimens. The C-bands were seen in the pericentromeric regions of all chromosomes in both species. In addition C-bands were observed on the short arms of two pairs of submetacentric chromosomes of A. marmid and on the short arms of two pairs of submeta-subtelocentric chromosomes of C. macrostomus. There were similarities between C-band blocks and NOR regions. C-band patterns were also similar in both species

Karyology of six cyprinid fishes from Seyhan and Ceyhan rivers in Anatolia

WOS: 000387655400010Karyological properties of Cyprinus carpio, Capoeta damascina, Luciobarbus pectoralis, Pseudophoxinus zekayi, Squalius seyhanensis and Alburnus adanensis from the Seyhan and Ceyhan river systems were investigated by examining metaphase chromosomes through Giemsa staining, C-banding and Ag-NOR techniques. The diploid number of chromosomes in A. adanensis, P. zekayi and S. seyhanensis were 50, in C. carpio and L. pectoralis 100, and in C. damascina 150. Sex chromosomes were not observed in any of the examined species. Several chromosomes presented C-bands in pericentromeric and/or paracentromeric position, near the centromere. Some species had centromeric and pericentromeric heterochromatic blocks. NORs were observed in one pair of submetacentric chromosomes in L. pectoralis, P. zekayi, S. seyhanensis and A. adanensis, in one pair of metacentric chromosomes in C. carpio and three pairs of chromosomes in C. damascina. The cytogenetic features of endemic fishes A. adanensis, L. pectoralis, P. zekayi and S. seyhanensis were detected for the first time in this study

Chromosomal Analyses of Cobitis phrygica Battalgazi, 1944 and C-simplicispina Hanko, 1925 (Teleostei, Cobitidae)

WOS: 000447357400013The purpose of this study is to reveal diploid chromosome number, karyotype and chromosomal banding properties with C-banding and Ag-staining in Cobitis phrygica Battalgazi, 1944 and C. simplicispina Hanko, 1925 from Turkey. Metaphase chromosomes were obtained from kidney cells. Both species had a same diploid chromosome number of 2n=50. Karyotypes were composed of four pairs of metacentric, four pairs of submetacentric and 17 pairs of subtelo-acrocentric chromosomes in C. phrygica, and eight pairs of metacentric, eight pairs of submetacentric and nine pairs of subtelo-acrocentric chromosomes in C. simplicispina. Fundamental arm numbers were calculated as 66 in C. phrygica and as 82 in C. simplicispina. C-bands were observed on the pericentromeric regions of most chromosomes in both species. Nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) were determined on one pair of chromosomes in both species

Constitutive heterochromatin in Acanthobrama marmid and Cyprinion macrostomus (Osteichthyes, Cyprinidae)

WOS: 000266282200003Constitutive heterochromatin were studied in two Cyprinids Acanthobrama marmid and Cyprinion macrostomus in Turkey. The C-band patterns of the metaphase chromosomes of these species were reported. Diploid chromosome number was 2n=50 in all specimens. The C-bands were seen in the pericentromeric regions of all chromosomes in both species. In addition C-bands were observed on the short arms of two pairs of submetacentric chromosomes of A. marmid and on the short arms of two pairs of submeta-subtelocentric chromosomes of C. macrostomus. There were similarities between C-band blocks and NOR regions. C-band patterns were also similar in both species

IN VIVO MICRONUCLEI INDUCTION BY FOOD ADDITIVE CITRIC ACID IN PERIPHERAL ERYTHROCYTES OF THE FISH Tinca tinca

WOS: 000282617500011The genotoxic potential of citric acid (CA) was studied using the micronucleus (MN) test in the erythrocytes of Tinca tinca. Three different doses (200 mg/L, 300 mg/L and 400 mg/L) of CA were applied to the fish for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Dechlorinated tap water served as a negative control. The frequencies of MN were elevated in a dose- and time-dependent manner in all treatments when compared to their respective controls. The incidence of micronucleated erythrocytes peaked at 400 mg/L concentration at 96 h exposure. All MN frequencies were significantly different from control (P<0.05). It is concluded that CA exerts genotoxic effect for Tinca tinca under the experimental conditions employed. In view of the present data, CA should be used with caution in food industry and further clarifying works are required to delineate its other possible genotoxic actions

Karyotype of Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck and Schlegel 1846) (Pisces, Cyprinidae) in Kizilirmak River, Turkey

WOS: 000268521900015Karyotype of Pseudorasbora parva in the Kizilirmak River, Turkey, was investigated by kidney tissue. Diploid chromosome number was 2n = 50. The karyotype consisted of 7 pairs of metacentric, 10 pairs of submetacentric and 8 pairs of subtelocentric chromosomes, and the fundamental number (NF) was 100. No heteromorphic sex chromosomes were found

Karyotype, NORs, and C-banding analysis of Pseudophoxinus firati Bogutskaya, Kucuk & Atalay, 2007 (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae) in the Euphrates River, Turkey

WOS: 000297081000010Pseudophoxinus firati Bogutskaya, Kucuk & Atalay, 2007 (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae) living in the Euphrates River system were analyzed in terms of their karyotype, C-banding, and nucleolus organizer region properties. Metaphase chromosome spreads were obtained from kidney cells. The diploid chromosome number was found to be 2n = 50, of which 19 pairs were meta-submetacentric and 6 pairs were subtelocentric, and the fundamental number was found to be 88. No sex chromosome differentiation was observed. C-banding revealed heterochromatin in the pericentromeric regions of 6 pairs of chromosomes. NORs were identified on the short arms of 2 pairs of medium-sized submeta-subtelocentric chromosomes. This study may contribute to other cytogenetic research