26 research outputs found
The combined role of task, childās age and individual differences in understanding decision processes
It is important to understand the impact of individual differences in decision making from childhood to adulthood. This cohort-based study extends our knowledge by comparing decision making of children across the age range of 8 to 17 years and their parents. Based on prior research and theory focusing on different types of framing effects, we uncover several key differences across ages, including levels of risk taking and sensitivity to expected value differences between risky and riskless choices. Furthermore, we find that measures such as Numeracy and Surgency help explain both age-related and individual differences on our tasks, especially for decisions involving risk. We discuss the role of diverse task measures in understanding how individual difference factors affect different aspects of decision making, including the ability and effort to process numerical information and the ability to suppress affective reactions to stimulus labels
Predicting dentists decisions: a choice-based conjoint analysis of Medicaid participation
Objectives: Private practice dentists are the major source of care for the dental
safety net; however, the proportion of dentists who participate in state Medicaid
programs is low, often due to poor perceptions of the programās administration
and patient population. Using a discrete choice experiment and a series of
hypothetical scenarios, this study evaluated trade-offs dentists make when deciding
to accept Medicaid patients.
Methods: An online choice-based conjoint survey was sent to 272 general dentists
in Iowa. Hypothetical scenarios presented factors at systematically varied levels.
The primary determination was whether dentists would accept a new Medicaid
patient in each scenario. Using an ecological model of behavior, determining
factors were selected from the categories of policy, administration, community, and
patient population to estimate dentistsā relative preferences.
Results: 62 percent of general dentists responded to the survey. The probability of
accepting a new Medicaid patient was highest (81 percent) when reimbursement
rates were 85 percent of the dentistās fees, patients never missed appointments,
claims were approved on first submission, and no other practices in the area
accepted Medicaid. Although dentists preferred higher reimbursement rates, 56
percent would still accept a new Medicaid patient when reimbursement decreased
to 55 percent if they were told that the patient would never miss appointments and
claims would be approved on initial submission.
Conclusions: This study revealed trade-offs that dentists make when deciding to
participate in Medicaid. Findings indicate that states can potentially improve
Medicaid participation without changing reimbursement rates by making
improvements in claims processing and care coordination to reduce missed
appointments.Funding for this project came from an Innovation Fund for
Oral Health award from the DentaQuest Foundation (Boston,
MA)
The willingness of US pediatric dentists to use Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) with their patients: a conjoint analysis
Objectives: The atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) was developed as an affordable,
patient-friendly dental caries management procedure that does not need
extensive operator training or special skills. The aim of this study was to determine
factors that influence the decision to use ART using an innovative marketing
research technique known as conjoint analysis.
Methods: A conjoint survey was completed by 723 members of the American
Academy of PediatricDentistry.Three factors (age of the child, level of cooperation,
type of insurance) were varied across three levels to create nine patient scenarios.
The weights that practitioners placed on these factors in decisions to use ART in
treating carious lesions were determined by conjoint analysis. Factors such as lesion
location, depth, and extension were fixed in the nine clinical scenarios.
Results: Seven-hundred twenty-three pediatric dentists completed the survey (32
percent). Age of the child was the most important factor in pediatric dentistsā decisions
to use ART (46 percent) compared with level of cooperation (41 percent) and
type of insurance coverage (11 percent). For the age factor, the age of 2 years had the
greatest utility (0.55) compared with age 4 (ā0.09) and age 6 (ā0.46). For types of
insurance coverage, having no insurance (0.124) had the greatest utility compared
with having public insurance (ā0.119).
Conclusions: Although insurance coverage was the least important among the
factors, being without insurance, being very young, and being uncooperative was
the scenario where pediatric dentists most favored ART when making trade offs
between different factors using the conjoint design.This project was funded by NIH/NIDC R T32 grant DEO
14678-06
A comparison of lecture and interactive training designed to reduce the influence of interfering materials : an application to soil science
Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industrie
All Frames Are Not Created Equal: A Typology of Framing Effects
Accentuate the positive or accentuate the negative? The literature has been mixed as to how the alternative framing of information in positive or negative terms affects judgments and decisions. We argue that this is because different studies have employed different operational definitions of framing and thus have tapped different underlying processes. We develop a typology to distinguish between three different kinds of valence framing effects. First we discuss the standard risky choice framing effect introduced by Tversky and Kahneman (1981) to illustrate how valence affects willingness to take a risk. Then we discuss attribute framing, which affects the evaluation of object or event characteristics, and goal framing, which affects the persuasiveness of a communication. We describe the distinctions, provide a number of examples of each type, and discuss likely theoretical mechanisms underlying each type of framing effect. Our typology helps explain and resolve apparent confusions in the literature, ties together studies with common underlying mechanisms, and serves as a guide to future research and theory development. We conclude that a broader perspective, focused on the cognitive and motivational consequences of valence-based encoding, opens the door to a deeper understanding of the causes and consequences of framing effects