The molecular mechanisms of diabetes mediated impaired wound healing and the development of therapeutic strategies.

Increased levels of blood glucose are associated with the vascular complications of diabetes. Microvascular complications lead to delayed wound healing in patients suffering from diabetes. Hypoxia and hyperglycaemia characterise a wound environment of a person with diabetes. Angiogenesis is central to restore the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the wounded tissue. Endothelial cell migration is central to angiogenesis, which is aided by hypoxia and attenuated by hyperglycaemia. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the disruption to angiogenesis of diabetic wounds are not completely understood. The effect of hypoxia and/or high glucose concentration on the endothelial cell migration in vitro was studied, and an anti-oxidant (silymarin, formulated as freeze-dried wafer discs) was tested for its beneficial effect. A radial migration and a wound healing assay were developed, validated and used to assess the effect of hypoxia and/or high glucose concentration on the migration of human endothelial cells of dermal origin. Circular and semi-circular monolayers of endothelial cells were used for the measurement of the migration, by radial migration and wound healing assay respectively. Net migration was calculated by subtracting the radii at a specified time point from that measured at time zero. The migration was studied under normal (20%) or below (5%) normal oxygen tension in combination with normal (5mM) or high (20mM) glucose concentration. Endothelial cells were treated with an anti-proliferative agent, intracellular signal inhibitors and silymarin. Results demonstrated that hypoxia and high glucose concentration have opposing effects - of increase (p < 0.001) and decrease (p < 0.001) respectively - on the migration of endothelial cells. The results of the wound healing assay revealed that re-endothelialisation occurs faster (p < 0.001) than endothelialisation. The effects of hypoxia and high glucose concentration appeared to be mediated via PI3K-Akt and PKC-beta-II pathways respectively. Further investigations revealed the possibility of HIF-1-alpha being involved in both the pathways. High glucose concentration-induced decrease in cell migration was successfully restored (p < 0.001) by the use of an anti-oxidant (silymarin). This could be due to anti-oxidant activity of silymarin on glucose-induced overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Silymarin, sterilised by gamma irradiation, was successful in retaining its effect (p < 0.001) against the high glucose impaired cell migration, compared to control wafers. In conclusion, delayed wound healing due to disrupted endothelial cell migration was reaffirmed to be due to elevated glucose concentration. Silymarin was successful in restoring glucose-induced attenuation of cell migration. Freeze dried wafers show promising potential as a topical application for the treatment of chronic wounds for people with diabetes

Cloud security: literature survey

Today, the growth of digitalization has made the ease for livelihood for all the organizations. Cloud computing the storage provider for all the computer resources has made it easy for accessing the data from anywhere anytime. But at the same time the security for cloud data storage is the major drawback which is provided by various cryptographic algorithms. These algorithms convert the data into unreadable format, known as cipher text, Rivest, Shamir and Adleman (RSA) one of the most popularly used asymmetric algorithm. This paper gives detailed review about such different cryptographic algorithms used for the cloud data security. The comparison study is also made for the size of data and to analyze the encryption time and decryption time, which concludes that to enhance the cloud data security some addon techniques are to be used along with these cryptographic algorithms. To increase the security level and to increase the transmission speed of plaintext, integrated method will be proposed by encoding the plaintext to intermediate plaintext and then intermediate plaintext will be compressed using any one of the compression techniques to increase the compression ratio, lastly the compressed file is encrypted to further enhance the security level

Publication productivity of Prof. P.S. Narayanan: A Scientometric Portrait

In this study, researchers were made an attempt to analyse research output of Prof. P S Narayanan was scientists from IISc Bengaluru, under the scientometric framework. For this study data is obtained from the Web of Science database. Prof. Narayanan has published 89 research papers among these highest numbers of research papers were published in the year 1978 when he was 52 years old. 32.59% papers were authored by 3 authors. He has published 14.61 % of his research papers in Ferroelectrics during 1978-94. 120 times his research papers were cited and published in Indian Journal of Pure Applied Physics

Diazido­bis[2,4-diamino-6-(2-pyrid­yl)-1,3,5-triazine-κ2 N 1,N 6]zinc(II)

In the title mononuclear complex, [Zn(N3)2(C8H8N6)2], the ZnII atom, lying on a twofold rotation axis, is six-coordinated in a distorted octa­hedral environment by four N atoms from two 2,4-diamino-6-(2-pyrid­yl)-1,3,5-triazine ligands and two N atoms from two end-on-coordinated azide ions. N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds between the ligand and azide ion link the complex mol­ecules into a three-dimensional network

TRANSBUCCAL DELIVERY OF SPRAY DRIED LOVASTATIN FROM MUCOADHESIVE BUCCAL PATCHES AND IN VITRO CHARACTERIZATION

Objective: The aim of the present work was to develop and characterize mucoadhesive film of spray dried Lovastatin (LVS) for buccal delivery to enhance bioavailability. Methods: Mucoadhesive films were prepared by solvent casting technique by using different polymers HPMCK4M, HPMC E5LV and chitosan. The successful patches were evaluated for film thickness, weight, content uniformity, surface pH, swelling index, folding endurance, ex-vivo residence time, ex-vivo bioadhesion test, in vitro drug release, ex-vivo drug permeation and stability study. Results: The thickness of all prepared patches ranged from 0.21±0.07 to 1.5±0.39 mm, the weight of the film 89.10±0.6 to 128.57±0.3 mg, drug content 85.47±0.87 to 97.33±0.31%, surface pH 5.6±0.67 to 7.6±0.98, swelling index 23.0±4.1 to 76.5±3.6%, folding endurance 165±1.9 to 350±2.5 respectively. Ex-vivo residence time ranged from 2.2±0.08to 8.2±0.17 h and ex-vivo bioadhesive strength 30±0.64 to 66±0.43 g. The formulations with HPMC E5 shown short period of residence time and shows weak force of adhesion., which might be because of low viscosity of the polymer which resulted into weak adhesion. The percentage drug release and ex-vivo drug permeation was in the following descending order HPMC K4M&gt;HPMC E5LV&gt;chitosan. These results confirm the extension of drug release in case of ionic polymer chitosan. The kinetics data shows that drug release and permeation follows nonfiction diffusion. Accelerated stability data revealed that there is no significant change in drug content, in vitro drug release and ex-vivo permeation. Conclusion: It can be concluded that mucoadhesive buccal patch is a promising dosage form to enhance the drug bioavailability by preventing first-pass metabolism thus providing better therapeutic efficacy

Numerical Study of Flow inside the Micro Fluidic Cell Sense Cartridge

AbstractBiosensor is a device which utilizes the biological element as a recognition element for the detection of analytes. The sample receiving unit is a critical integral part of the biosensor through which the sample is supplied to the biological element. In this study, the flow pattern inside the fluid cartridge was simulated using COMSOL multiphysics software with an objective of optimizing the shape and size of cartridge elements. The velocity distribution, flow induced shear stress and pressure drop were simulated as a single phase incompressible laminar flow under no slip condition. Influence of the shape and geometry of cartridge on flow patterns were studied by changing the shape and geometry of the cartridge. At a flow rate of 500μl/min, the velocity and flow induced shear stress are in the range of 22 to 24mm/sec and 0.76 to 0.85N/m2 respectively

Atomic Force Microscopy: a tool to unveil the mystery of biological systems

This article focuses on one of the promising and emerging nanolevel imaging techniques: Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). In recent studies, AFM has been extensively used to understand intricate biological phenomena like prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome organization, different DNA transaction activities, protein chaperoning and also protein-nucleic acid organization in viruses

FORMULATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF MELOXICAM LOADED EMULGEL FOR TOPICAL APPLICATION

Objective: The aim of the research work is to formulate emulgel of Meloxicam for topical application.Methods: The method used for preparation of microemulsion was water titration method with Oleic acid as oil phase, Tween 20 as surfactant and PEG 400 as co-surfactant and its concentrations were fixed based on Pseudoternary phase diagrams. The optimized emulsion formulation was incorporated into the gel matrix that is Carbopol981 NF and Carbopol 974 P NF.Results: The prepared emulsions were characterized for globule size, drug content, zeta potential and the emulgel for physical appearance, drug content, pH, viscosity, spreadability, extrudability and in vitro drug release studies. The optimized emulsion formulations E1 and F1 showed globule size of 176 nm and 128 nm respectively and the emulgel formulation M2F1 with 1.5% Carbopol 981 and optimized F1 emulsion formulation showed in vitro drug release of 89.934% at the end of 8 h. The optimized formulation showed no skin irritation when compared with standard irritant 0.8% of Formalin. The optimized formulation showed better anti-inflammatory effect when compared with marketed formulation.Conclusion: Meloxicam was proven to be a suitable candidate for formulating emulgel for topical delivery to achieve better patient compliance.Â

Metformin and asarone inhibit HepG2 cell proliferation in a high glucose environment by regulating AMPK and Akt signaling pathway.

Background: Metabolic dysregulation is one of the hallmarks of tumor cell proliferation. Evidence indicates the potential role of the 5′adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and protein kinase B/Akt signaling pathway in regulating cell proliferation, survival, and apoptosis. The present study explores the effect of metformin HCl and the combination of α- and β-asarone on the proliferation of HepG2 cells in the presence of high glucose levels simulating the diabetic-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) condition. Results: The metformin and asarone reduced HepG2 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and induced morphological changes as indicated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The metformin and asarone arrested the cells at the G0/G1 phase, upregulated the expression of AMPK, and downregulated Akt expression in high glucose conditions as identified by the flow cytometry technique. Further, the upregulated AMPK led to a decrease in the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-2 (PCK-2) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1). Conclusion: The anti-proliferative effect of metformin and asarone in the diabetic-HCC condition is mediated via AMPK and Akt pathway