Blood monocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell count in 13 patients with pandemic H1N1 influenza and 13 healthy controls.

<p>Results are expressed in median (range).</p><p>Asterisks indicate significant decrease (p<0.05 versus controls).</p

CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation markers in pandemic H1N1-infected patients and controls.

<p>Box plots show the 10^th, 25^th, 50^th (median), 75^th and 90^th percentile and outlying values. Gray box plots represent the percentage of CD4+ T cells (upper panel) and CD8+ T cells (lower panel) that express activation markers CD38/HLA-DR in 13 H1N1-infected patients at baseline (week 0) and during follow-up (week 1, 4, and 16). White box plots indicate 13 sex and aged-matched healthy controls. Asterisks indicate a significant increase in percentage of double positive DR+/CD38+ in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (p<0,05 versus controls).</p

Circulating myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) in pandemic H1N1-infected patients and controls.

<p>Box plots show the 10th, 25th, 50th(median), 75th and 90th percentile and outlying values. Gray box plots represent the number of circulating mDCs (upper panel) and pDCs (lower panel) in 13 H1N1-infected patients at baseline (week 0) and during follow-up (week 1, 4 and 16). White box plots indicate 13 sex and aged-matched healthy controls. Asterisks indicate significant decrease of mDC and pDC (p<0,05 versus controls).</p

Plasma levels of chemokines and cytokines in pandemic H1N1-infected patients and controls.

<p>Dot plot represent circulating levels of chemokines CCL3/MIP-1α, CCL4/MIP-1β, CCL5/RANTES (upper panel) and cytokines TNF-α, IFN-α, IFN-γ, IP-10, IL-6, IL-15, IL-17 (lower panel) in 13 H1N1-infected patients at the time of hospitalization. Black circles indicate 13 sex and aged-matched healthy controls. Only the levels of IP-10 and RANTES were significantly higher in patients in comparison with the control group (p<0.01 for both).</p

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the 13 patients affected by pandemic H1N1 influenza.

<p>BMI: body mass index; Sat: saturation; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p

The flowchart of the clinical trial.

<p>Experimental design of the study.</p

Semiquantitative analyses of CD4+ and IL-17+ cells before (M0) and after (M8) cART.

<p>Slides of colon tissues were scored as “−” (less than 3 positive cells); “+” (3–10 positive cells); “++” (20–40 positive cells) and “+++” (more than 50 positive cells). <b>Bold:</b> samples in which both IL-17+ and CD4+ cells were increased at M8; Black: samples in which only IL-17+ cells were increased at M8; <b>Gray</b>: samples in which neither IL-17+ nor CD4+ cells were increased at M8.</p><p>Semiquantitative analyses of CD4+ and IL-17+ cells before (M0) and after (M8) cART.</p

Effects of short-term cART on peripheral and intestinal CD4 T cell levels.

<p>Longitudinal assessment of CD4 T cells in peripheral blood (PB) and intestinal biopsy (IB) during eight months of cART treatment. The absolute number (<b>A</b>) and percentage (<b>B</b>) of PB CD4 T cells are shown before (M0) and after eight months (M8) of cART. Fold change over baseline (M0) of CD4 T cell absolute number (left) and percentage (right) is depicted in (<b>C</b>). Extent of intestinal CD4 T cells before (M0) and after (M8) cART (<b>D</b>). Positive correlation between the percentages of CD4 T cells in PB and IB atM0 (close circles) and M8 (open circles) (<b>E</b>).</p

Effects of short-term cART on microbial translocation and T cell activation/proliferation.

<p>Plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 16S rDNA and soluble CD14 (sCD14) before (M0) and after eight months (M8) of cART (<b>A</b>). LPS and sCD14 were measured by ELISA, while 16S rDNA by PCR. Percentages of activated (as determined by expression of CD38 and HLA-DR; left), and proliferating (as determined by expression of Ki-67) staining; right) CD4 and CD8 T cells (<b>B</b>).</p

Characteristics of patient population.

<p>The characteristics of patient population at baseline including anagraphic data, transmission routes and CDC stages.</p><p>Characteristics of patient population.</p