51 research outputs found
Imprints of Spinning Particles on Primordial Cosmological Perturbations
If there exist higher-spin particles during inflation which are light
compared to the Hubble rate, they may leave distinct statistical anisotropic
imprints on the correlators involving scalar and graviton fluctuations. We
characterise such signatures using the dS/CFT correspondence and the
operator product expansion techniques. In particular, we obtain generic results
for the case of partially massless higher-spin states.Comment: 21 pages, 2 figures, v2: matching published versio
Footprints of the QCD Crossover on Cosmological Gravitational Waves at Pulsar Timing Arrays
Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) have reported evidence for a stochastic
gravitational wave (GW) background at nHz frequencies, possibly originating in
the early Universe. We show that the spectral shape of the low-frequency
(causality) tail of GW signals sourced at temperatures around GeV
is distinctively affected by confinement of strong interactions (QCD), due to
the corresponding sharp decrease in the number of relativistic species. A
Bayesian analysis in the latest International PTA dataset reveals a significant
improvement in the fit with respect to cubic power law spectra, previously
employed for the causality tail. Comparison with the results of NANOGrav 15
years and European PTA Data Release 2 suggests that our inclusion of Standard
Model effects on GWs can have a potentially decisive impact on model selection.Comment: 6+9 pages, 7 figure
Novel tests of gravity using nano-Hertz stochastic gravitational-wave background signals
Gravity theories that modify General Relativity in the slow-motion regime can
introduce nonperturbative corrections to the stochastic gravitational-wave
background~(SGWB) from supermassive black-hole binaries in the nano-Hertz band,
while remaining perturbative in the highly-relativistic regime and satisfying
current post-Newtonian~(PN) constraints. We present a model-agnostic formalism
to map such theories into a modified tilt for the SGWB spectrum, showing that
negative PN corrections (in particular -2PN) can alleviate the tension in the
recent pulsar-timing-array data if the detected SGWB is interpreted as arising
from supermassive binaries. Despite being preliminary, current data have
already strong constraining power, for example they set a novel (conservative)
upper bound on theories with time-varying Newton's constant at least at the
level of for redshift
. We also show that NANOGrav data are best fitted by a broken
power-law interpolating between a dominant -2PN or -3PN modification at low
frequency, and the standard general-relativity scaling at high frequency.
Nonetheless, a modified gravity explanation should be confronted with binary
eccentricity, environmental effects, nonastrophysical origins of the signal,
and scrutinized against statistical uncertainties. These novel tests of gravity
will soon become more stringent when combining all pulsar-timing-array
facilities and when collecting more data.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure
The recent gravitational wave observation by pulsar timing arrays and primordial black holes: the importance of non-gaussianities
The recent data releases by multiple pulsar timing array experiments
(NANOGrav, EPTA, PPTA and CPTA) show evidence for Hellings-Downs angular
correlations indicating that the observed stochastic common spectrum can be
interpreted as a stochastic gravitational wave background. In this letter, we
study whether the signal may originate from gravitational waves induced by
high-amplitude primordial curvature perturbations. Such large perturbations may
be accompanied by the generation of a sizeable primordial black hole (PBH)
abundance. We improve existing analyses of the PBH abundance by including
non-Gaussianities typical of several scenarios such as curvaton and
inflection-point models. We show that Gaussian scenarios for scalar-induced
gravitational waves are disfavoured by more than 2{\sigma} as the sole
explanation of the most constraining NANOGrav 15-year data by the
overproduction of PBHs. This excludes most explanations relying on single-field
inflation by more than 3{\sigma}. This tension, however, can be alleviated in
models in which non-Gaussianites suppress the PBH abundance, for instance, in
curvaton models with a large rdec or models with a negative fNL. On the flip
side, the current NANOGrav data does not constrain the abundance of PBHs in the
stellar mass range.Comment: 6 pages and 3 figures. Supplementary materials availabl
Primordial black holes in the curvaton model: possible connections to pulsar timing arrays and dark matter
We revise primordial black holes (PBHs) production in the axion-curvaton
model, in light of recent developments in the computation of their abundance
accounting for non-gaussianities (NGs) in the curvature perturbation up to all
orders. We find that NGs intrinsically generated in such scenarios have a
relevant impact on the phenomenology associated to PBHs and, in particular, on
the relation between the abundance and the signal of second-order gravitational
waves. We show that this model could explain both the totality of dark matter
in the asteroid mass range and the tentative signal reported by the NANOGrav
and IPTA collaborations in the nano-Hz frequency range. En route, we provide a
new, explicit computation of the power spectrum of curvature perturbations
going beyond the sudden-decay approximation.Comment: 25 pages, 11 figure
Constraining the primordial black hole scenario with Bayesian inference and machine learning: the GWTC-2 gravitational wave catalog
Primordial black holes (PBHs) might be formed in the early Universe and could
comprise at least a fraction of the dark matter. Using the recently released
GWTC-2 dataset from the third observing run of the LIGO-Virgo Collaboration, we
investigate whether current observations are compatible with the hypothesis
that all black hole mergers detected so far are of primordial origin. We
constrain PBH formation models within a hierarchical Bayesian inference
framework based on deep learning techniques, finding best-fit values for
distinctive features of these models, including the PBH initial mass function,
the fraction of PBHs in dark matter, and the accretion efficiency. The presence
of several spinning binaries in the GWTC-2 dataset favors a scenario in which
PBHs accrete and spin up. Our results indicate that PBHs may comprise only a
fraction smaller than of the total dark matter, and that the predicted
PBH abundance is still compatible with other constraints.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures. v2: matching published versio
What is the source of the PTA GW signal?
The most conservative interpretation of the nHz stochastic gravitational wave
background (SGWB) discovered by NANOGrav and other Pulsar Timing Array (PTA)
Collaborations is astrophysical, namely that it originates from supermassive
black hole (SMBH) binaries. However, alternative cosmological models have been
proposed, including cosmic strings, phase transitions, domain walls, primordial
fluctuations and "audible" axions. We perform a multi-model analysis (MMA) to
compare how well these different hypotheses fit the NANOGrav data, both in
isolation and in combination with SMBH binaries, and address the questions:
Which interpretations fit the data best, and which are disfavoured? We also
discuss experimental signatures that can help discriminate between different
sources of the PTA GW signal, including fluctuations in the signal strength
between frequency bins, individual sources and how the PTA signal extends to
higher frequencies.Comment: 15 pages, 17 figures, 1 tabl
Quantifying the evidence for primordial black holes in LIGO/Virgo gravitational-wave data
With approximately 50 binary black hole events detected by LIGO/Virgo to date
and many more expected in the next few years, gravitational-wave astronomy is
shifting from individual-event analyses to population studies. We perform a
hierarchical Bayesian analysis on the GWTC-2 catalog by combining several
astrophysical formation models with a population of primordial black holes. We
compute the Bayesian evidence for a primordial population compared to the null
hypothesis, and the inferred fraction of primordial black holes in the data. We
find that these quantities depend on the set of assumed astrophysical models:
the evidence for primordial black holes against an astrophysical-only
multichannel model is decisively favored in some scenarios, but it is
significantly reduced in the presence of a dominant stable-mass-transfer
isolated formation channel. The primordial channel can explain mergers in the
upper mass gap such as GW190521, but (depending on the astrophysical channels
we consider) a significant fraction of the events could be of primordial origin
even if we neglected GW190521. The tantalizing possibility that LIGO/Virgo may
have already detected black holes formed after inflation should be verified by
reducing uncertainties in astrophysical and primordial formation models, and it
may ultimately be confirmed by third-generation interferometers.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures. v2: Version submitted to journal. The Bayesian
analysis was extended to additional astrophysical channels by taking into
account feedback from the community, and the conclusions were revised
accordingl
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