The use of botanical products and vitamins in sunscreens

The use of botanical products and vitamins in skin care creams and sunscreens is prevalent. Herein we conduct an evaluation of sunscreens to quantitatively assess how often sunscreens incorporate botanically derived products and vitamins. The most commonly used botanicals products and vitamins are identified and stratified based on the sunscreen sun protection factor (SPF). The overall prevalence for the use of botanical agents and vitamins was 62% and 79%, respectively. Aloe vera and licorice root extracts were the most common botanical agents used in sunscreens. Retinyl palmitate was the most common vitamin derivative utilized in sunscreens. The prices of sunscreens significantly increased when more than one botanical product was added. Botanical products and vitamins are widely utilized in sunscreens and more research is needed to assess how their inclusion may enhance or alter the function of sunscreens

The use of botanical products and vitamins in sunscreens

The use of botanical products and vitamins in skin care creams and sunscreens is prevalent. Herein we conduct an evaluation of sunscreens to quantitatively assess how often sunscreens incorporate botanically derived products and vitamins. The most commonly used botanicals products and vitamins are identified and stratified based on the sunscreen sun protection factor (SPF). The overall prevalence for the use of botanical agents and vitamins was 62% and 79%, respectively. Aloe vera and licorice root extracts were the most common botanical agents used in sunscreens. Retinyl palmitate was the most common vitamin derivative utilized in sunscreens. The prices of sunscreens significantly increased when more than one botanical product was added. Botanical products and vitamins are widely utilized in sunscreens and more research is needed to assess how their inclusion may enhance or alter the function of sunscreens

Avaliação do efeito da cintilação ionosférica e de diferentes intervalos de tempo de coleta de dados no posicionamento por ponto preciso na sua forma on-line

O PPP é um método de posicionamento por GNSS que utiliza efemérides precisas, correções dos relógios dos satélites e possíveis modelagens de erros. As possibilidades de aplicações do PPP têm aumentado nos últimos anos, especialmente devido aos serviços on-line, destacando-se entre estes IBGE-PPP, GAPS, APPS e RT_PPP. Esses serviços têm sido utilizados em várias pesquisas e aplicações, porém são poucos os experimentos que consideram ocorrência de cintilação ionosférica. Portanto, no estudo realizado foram selecionados dados de duas estações da RBMC em regiões de alta e baixa atividade ionosférica. Utilizou-se dados de duas épocas do ano, com fraca e forte influência da cintilação ionosfera, buscando-se avaliar o desempenho dos serviços de PPP ­on-line em diferentes intervalos de tempo de coleta de dados GNSS e sob a influência da cintilação ionosférica no posicionamento PPP utilizando o software RT_PPP. Com os dados disponíveis o IBGE-PPP obteve melhores resultados que os demais softwares e o aumento de tempo de coleta de dados melhorou a acurácia do posicionamento. A estação na região sob menor cintilação ionosférica no período de maior atividade ionosférica alcançou resultados mais acurados, entretanto, não se pôde concluir que o motivo foi a cintilação ionosférica

GPS reflectometry study detecting snow height changes in the Southern Patagonia Icefield

Southern Patagonia Icefield (SPI) glaciers have been retreating and shrinking at high rates in recent decades, significantly contributing to sea level rise. In spite of the importance of the SPI, very little is known about its mass balance apart from models lacking in situ validation, such as snow accumulation/ablation at high altitude. On the ground, snow changes are normally measured with stakes planted on snow frequently visited. Automation is possible by the use of ranging sensors, based on laser, radar or ultrasound, installed as part of automatic weather stations. In this study, we use for the first time in the SPI the technique of Global Positioning System Reflectometry (GPS-R) for measuring snow level changes. GPS-R uses observations from GPS satellites tracked by GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) ground stations. GNSS stations, typically installed according to geodetic network standards for geodynamics purposes (e.g., glacial isostatic rebound studies), inadvertently also record the signal reflected on the snow surface in the antenna surroundings. The GPS-R snow level variations were compared to an ultrasonic sensor installed nearby, operating simultaneously between October 2015 and February 2016. During this period the two datasets exhibited a correlation of 0.91 and an RMS of 17 cm, confirming that GNSS receivers can be used not only for geodetic purposes but also for snow accumulation/ablation monitoring in SPI.Fil: Durand, Jorge Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Rivera, Andrés. Centro de Estudios Cientificos; Chile. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Geremia Nievinski, Felipe. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Lenzano, María Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Monico, João Francisco Galera. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Paredes, P.. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Lenzano, Luis Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; Argentin

Anxiety levels of patients undergoing common dermatologic procedures versus those seeking general dermatologic care

Patients undergoing Mohs micrographic surgeryfrequently experience anxiety as a result of multiplepotential factors. There is currently no data regardinghow this anxiety compares to other commonprocedures performed in dermatology offices, suchas shave biopsy and excision, relative to a generaldermatology visit. Herein, we conducted a survey of471 dermatology patients at an academic medicalcenter, using a validated tool (Visual Analogue Scalefrom 1 “no anxiety at all” to 10 “extremely anxious”)

Anxiety levels of patients undergoing common dermatologic procedures versus those seeking general dermatologic care

Patients undergoing Mohs micrographic surgeryfrequently experience anxiety as a result of multiplepotential factors. There is currently no data regardinghow this anxiety compares to other commonprocedures performed in dermatology offices, suchas shave biopsy and excision, relative to a generaldermatology visit. Herein, we conducted a survey of471 dermatology patients at an academic medicalcenter, using a validated tool (Visual Analogue Scalefrom 1 “no anxiety at all” to 10 “extremely anxious”)

The Risk of Melanoma in Airline Pilots and Cabin Crew

IMPORTANCE: Airline pilots and cabin crew are occupationally exposed to higher levels of cosmic and UV radiation than the general population, but their risk of developing melanoma is not yet established. OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of melanoma in pilots and airline crew. DATA SOURCES: PubMed (1966 to October 30, 2013), Web of Science (1898 to January 27, 2014), and Scopus (1823 to January 27, 2014). STUDY SELECTION: All studies were included that reported a standardized incidence ratio (SIR), standardized mortality ratio (SMR), or data on expected and observed cases of melanoma or death caused by melanoma that could be used to calculate an SIR or SMR in any flight-based occupation. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Primary random-effect meta-analyses were used to summarize SIR and SMR for melanoma in any flight-based occupation. Heterogeneity was assessed using the χ(2) test and I(2) statistic. To assess the potential bias of small studies, we used funnel plots, the Begg rank correlation test, and the Egger weighted linear regression test. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Summary SIR and SMR of melanoma in pilots and cabin crew. RESULTS: Of the 3527 citations retrieved, 19 studies were included, with more than 266 431 participants. The overall summary SIR of participants in any flight-based occupation was 2.21 (95% CI, 1.76-2.77; P < .001; 14 records). The summary SIR for pilots was 2.22 (95% CI, 1.67-2.93; P = .001; 12 records). The summary SIR for cabin crew was 2.09 (95% CI, 1.67-2.62; P = .45; 2 records). The overall summary SMR of participants in any flight-based occupation was 1.42 (95% CI, 0.89-2.26; P = .002; 6 records). The summary SMR for pilots was 1.83 (95% CI, 1.27-2.63, P = .33; 4 records). The summary SMR for cabin crew was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.80-1.01; P = .97; 2 records). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Pilots and cabin crew have approximately twice the incidence of melanoma compared with the general population. Further research on mechanisms and optimal occupational protection is needed

The risk of melanoma in airline pilots and cabin crew: A meta-analysis

IMPORTANCE: Airline pilots and cabin crew are occupationally exposed to higher levels of cosmic and UV radiation than the general population, but their risk of developing melanoma is not yet established. OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of melanoma in pilots and airline crew. DATA SOURCES: PubMed (1966 to October 30, 2013), Web of Science (1898 to January 27, 2014), and Scopus (1823 to January 27, 2014). STUDY SELECTION: All studies were included that reported a standardized incidence ratio (SIR), standardized mortality ratio (SMR), or data on expected and observed cases of melanoma or death caused by melanoma that could be used to calculate an SIR or SMR in any flight-based occupation. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Primary random-effect meta-analyses were used to summarize SIR and SMR for melanoma in any flight-based occupation. Heterogeneity was assessed using the χ(2) test and I(2) statistic. To assess the potential bias of small studies, we used funnel plots, the Begg rank correlation test, and the Egger weighted linear regression test. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Summary SIR and SMR of melanoma in pilots and cabin crew. RESULTS: Of the 3527 citations retrieved, 19 studies were included, with more than 266 431 participants. The overall summary SIR of participants in any flight-based occupation was 2.21 (95% CI, 1.76-2.77; P < .001; 14 records). The summary SIR for pilots was 2.22 (95% CI, 1.67-2.93; P = .001; 12 records). The summary SIR for cabin crew was 2.09 (95% CI, 1.67-2.62; P = .45; 2 records). The overall summary SMR of participants in any flight-based occupation was 1.42 (95% CI, 0.89-2.26; P = .002; 6 records). The summary SMR for pilots was 1.83 (95% CI, 1.27-2.63, P = .33; 4 records). The summary SMR for cabin crew was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.80-1.01; P = .97; 2 records). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Pilots and cabin crew have approximately twice the incidence of melanoma compared with the general population. Further research on mechanisms and optimal occupational protection is needed