HOW COULD BE COMBINED THE SUBJECTIVITY AND DINAMISM TO GIVE THE WORLD A COMPREHENSIVE DEFINITION OF WASTE?

Given the problems that can occur due to incorrect use of basic concepts and risks that may apear because of differences in present points of view concerning the content of the waste concept was considered necessary to study the main definitions currently used and attempt to provide to the specific literature an own definition of waste wicth we tkink will become widely accepted in the theoreticians and practitioners community of waste management issue. In our attempt to completely and accurately define waste and to eliminate the possibility of concept subiectivitz the working paper starts from identification and interpretation of two essential perspectives of the transforming goods into waste process. Throughtout an elementary logical based system of arguments the author comments various perspectives and approaches captured both in literature and the contents of official documents. Appealing to a cause-based argumentation, but not the effects, its identify core issues that cause waste generation, loss of goods utility, achieve the purpose for which they were created, the occurrence of user intention to dispose the products become unnecessary, incidence of responsibility and ownership dynamics. And finally it formulates a comprehensive definition of waste.Waste definition, goods utility, ownership relations, waste generation, waste disposal

THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ADVERTISING ON TOURISM DEMAND

In this paper we introduce a dynamic model to study the macroeconomic effects of advertising activities in tourism. The agents of the model are a representative consumer which optimize their intertemporal welfare, a representative firm that produces tourism services, an authority which organizes tourism advertising abroad and foreigner tourists. We show that in the short run, an increase in marketing expenditures raises foreigner's tourism demand, leads to an increase in the relative price of tourism services, makes tourism production more attractive and stimulates capital investment. As time passes, the capital stock increases and tourism production expands, leading to a falling price of tourism. In the long run, the increase in marketing activities results in a higher rate of tourism production, a higher capital stock, a lower relative price of tourism services and a reduction of net foreign assets.

The Dynamic Effects of Subsidizing the Tourism Sector

The paper studies the short run and long run effects of a production subsidy to the tourism sector of a small open economy, which can also be thought as a region within a country. We introduce a two-sector dynamic general equilibrium model where the tourism sector is considered to be labor-intensive and produces traded services. The other sector is capital-intensive and produces a nontraded good, which is also used for capital accumulation. Labor and capital can freely move between sectors. Economic decisions are made by forward-looking representative agents, which optimize their intertemporal welfare by choosing consumption of both the nontraded good and tourism services, the sectoral allocation of labor, and the rate of wealth accumulation. We discuss the short run, dynamic and long run effects of a production subsidy to the tourism sector. In the short run, the introduction of a subsidy to tourism production leads to a boom in that sector. As time passes, the economy-wide capital stock is decumulated, and production of tourism is falling. In the long run, compared to the situation before the subsidy was implemented, tourism production remains on a higher level, whereas output of the nontraded good drops.dynamic open economy two-sector model; tourism; subsidies; deindustrialization

Acoustic Identification of Flat Spots On Wheels Using Different Machine Learning Techniques

BMBF, 01IS18049B, ALICE III - Autonomes Lernen in komplexen Umgebungen 3 (Autonomous Learning in Complex Environments 3

A Dynamic Model of Economic Growth in a Small Tourism Driven Economy

The paper studies the dynamics of economic growth caused by an increase in the growth rate of tourism demand. We develop a simple dynamic model of a small open economy, which is completely specialized in the production of tourism services (island economy model), populated by a large number of intertemporally optimizing agents, deriving utility from consuming an imported good. Tourism services are produced by means of a simple AK technology by using imported capital, its accumulation associated with adjustment costs. Moreover, the economy can lend or borrow at the international financial markets at the given world interest rate. Adjustments in the relative price of tourism services ensure market clearance for tourism services. The long-run growth rate of the economy is tied to the growth rate in tourism demand. An increase in the latter increases thus the economy’s long-run balanced growth rate. In contrast to the standard one-good small open economy endogenous growth model, where the economy is always on its balanced growth path, we show that there are transitional dynamics after an increase in the growth rate of tourism demand. In particular, the short-run growth rate of output rises gradually towards its higher long-run level, and the market price of tourism increases during transition. Thus, an increase in the growth of tourism demand, say, caused by higher economic growth abroad, leads to a boom in the small open economy and increasing terms of trade. Adjustments of the relative price of tourism services (i. e. the real exchange rate) can therefore not protect the economy from demand disturbances.tourism demand; growth; economic dynamics