The development of a senior unit operations laboratory on the supercritical extraction of solid naphthalene with supercritical carbon dioxide

A Senior level Undergraduate Unit Operations Laboratory experiment was developed for the extraction of Naphthalene with supercritical Carbon Dioxide. A Supercritical Extraction Screening System purchased from Autoclave Engineers of Erie, Pennsylvania was modified slightly for use as the laboratory equipment. The experiment consists of extracting solid naphthalene from a sand bed in a fixed bed extractor and determining the mass transfer coefficient for the unit. The lab has been designed to allow the students to develop their own experimental plan without much direct input. The experimental outline provided for the students primarily focuses on information needed for safe and proper operation of the equipment. The discussion questions the students are asked to consider, however, have been developed to provide some guidance on how the experimental plan should be developed. Additionally, these questions focus the students onto some of the other concerns of Supercritical Fluid Extraction like heat transfer and material handling. Finally, the experiment allows the student to apply basic thermodynamic principles to real world problems like the prediction of unavailable physical properties near the critical point. These predictions are necessary to do calculations related to scale-up and equipment performance on Supercritical Fluid Extraction processes. A computer program written in BASIC that utilizes the Peng-Robinson equation of state with mixing rules that use a single binary interaction parameter is also included

Relation of Farm Prices to Quality of Cotton.

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Efficacy of a ML336 Derivative Against Venezuelan and Eastern Equine Encephalitis Viruses

Currently, there are no licensed human vaccines or antivirals for treatment of or prevention from infection with encephalitic alphaviruses. Because epidemics are sporadic and unpredictable, and endemic disease is common but rarely diagnosed, it is difficult to identify all populations requiring vaccination; thus, an effective post-exposure treatment method is needed to interrupt ongoing outbreaks. To address this public health need, we have continued development of ML336 to deliver a molecule with prophylactic and therapeutic potential that could be relevant for use in natural epidemics or deliberate release scenario for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV). We report findings from in vitro assessments of four analogs of ML336, and in vivo screening of three of these new derivatives, BDGR-4, BDGR-69 and BDGR-70. The optimal dosing for maximal protection was observed at 12.5 mg/kg/day, twice daily for 8 days. BDGR-4 was tested further for prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in mice challenged with VEEV Trinidad Donkey (TrD). Mice challenged with VEEV TrD showed 100% and 90% protection from lethal disease when treated at 24 and 48 h post-infection, respectively. We also measured 90% protection for BDGR-4 in mice challenged with Eastern equine encephalitis virus. In additional assessments of BDGR-4 in mice alone, we observed no appreciable toxicity as evaluated by clinical chemistry indicators up to a dose of 25 mg/kg/day over 4 days. In these same mice, we observed no induction of interferon. Lastly, the resistance of VEEV to BDGR-4 was evaluated by next-generation sequencing which revealed specific mutations in nsP4, the viral polymerase

The role of empathy in psychoanalytic psychotherapy: A historical exploration

Empathy is one of the most consistent outcome predictors in contemporary psychotherapy research. The function of empathy is particularly important for the development of a positive therapeutic relationship: patients report positive therapeutic experiences when they feel understood, safe, and able to disclose personal information to their therapists. Despite its clear significance in the consulting room and psychotherapy research, there is no single, consensual definition of empathy. This can be accounted by the complex and multi-faceted nature of empathy, as well as the ambiguous and conflicting literature surrounding it. This paper provides a historical exploration of empathy and its impact on the therapeutic relationship across the most influential psychoanalytic psychotherapies: classic psychoanalysis, person-centered therapy and self-psychology. By comparing the three clinical schools of thought, the paper identifies significant differences in the function of transference and therapist’s role. Then, drawing on the different clinical uses of empathy, the paper argues that the earlier uses of empathy (most notably through Jaspers’ and Freud’s writings) are limited to its epistemological (intellectual or cognitive) features, whilst person-centered and self-psychology therapies capitalise on its affective qualities. Finally, the paper provides a rationale for further study of the overarching features of empathy in contemporary psychotherapy research

The reliability of two visual motor integration tests used with children

Occupational therapists often assess the visual motor integration (VMI) skills of children and young people. It is important that therapists use tools with strong psychometric properties. This study aims to examine the reliability of 2 VMI tests. Ninety-two children between the ages of 5 and 17 years (response rate of 31%) completed 2 VMI tests: the Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (DTVMI) and the Full Range Test of Visual Motor Integration (FRTVMI). Cronbach\u27s alpha coefficient was used to examine the internal consistency of the 2 VMI tests whereas Spearman\u27s rho correlation was used to evaluate the test&ndash;retest reliability, intrarater reliability, and interrater reliability of the 2 VMI tests. The Cronbach\u27s alpha coefficient for the DTVMI was .82 and .72 for the FRTVMI. The test&ndash;retest reliability coefficient was .73 (p = .000) for the DTVMI and .49 (p = .05) for the FRTVMI. The interrater correlation was significant for both the DTVMI at .94 (p = .000) and FRTVMI at .68 (p = .001). The DTVMI intrarater reliability correlation result was .90 (p = .000) and the FRTVMI at .85 (p = .000). Overall, the DTVMI exhibited a higher level of reliability than the FRTVMI. Both VMI tests appear to exhibit reasonable levels of reliability and are recommended for use with children and young people.<br /

Comparisons between motor performance and opportunities for motor stimulation in the home environment of infants from the North and Southwest regions in Brazil

En este estudio tuvo el propósito de comparar las relaciones entre el desempeño motor y las características del entorno del hogar (el espacio físico, las actividades diarias, los juguetes) de lactantes moradores en dos regiones de Brasil, el Norte (Marabá, PA) y el Sureste (Piracicaba, SP). Se utilizaron el Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) para el desempeño motor y el Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development Infant Scale (AHEMD-IS) para el análisis del entorno del hogar en ochenta lactantes de 3 hasta 18 meses de edad. Los grupos de los dos municipios no presentaron diferencias significativas en relación al desempeño motor (p>;0,05), sin embargo, se encontraron diferencias significativas en lo que se refiere a la asistencia a guardería, al nivel de educación del padre y al número de habitaciones en sus casas. Los resultados también mostraron diferencias significativas en las oportunidades en los hogares, el grupo de Marabá obtuvo puntuaciones significativamente menores en la mayor parte del AHEMD-IS: espacio externo (p=0,021), juguetes para habilidades motoras finas (pA proposta deste estudo foi comparar as relações entre o desempenho motor e as características do ambiente familiar (espaço físico, atividades diárias, brinquedos) de lactentes residentes em duas regiões do Brasil, Norte (Marabá, PA) e Sudeste (Piracicaba, SP). Foram utilizados a Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) para a análise do desempenho motor e o Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development - Infant Scale (AHEMD-IS) para a análise do ambiente familiar em oitenta lactentes de 3 a 18 meses de idade. Os grupos dos dois municípios não diferiram quanto ao desempenho motor (p>;0,05), porém, foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos no que se refere à frequência em creches, à escolaridade paterna e ao número de quartos nas residências. Os resultados também indicaram diferenças significativas para as oportunidades no lar, com o grupo de Marabá obtendo pontuações significativamente menores na maior parte do AHEMD-IS: espaço externo (p=0,021), brinquedos para motricidade fina (pThis study aimed at comparing the relationships between motor development and the characteristics in the home environment (physical space, daily activities, toys) of infants in two Brazilian regions, North (Marabá, PA) and Southeast (Piracicaba, SP). Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) was used to analyze motor development, and Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development - Infant Scale (AHEMD-IS) was used in order to analyze the family environments of eight breastfeed babies of 3 to 18 months of age. The groups in the two municipalities were not different in regards to motor development (

Head Mounted Display Interaction Evaluation: Manipulating Virtual Objects in Augmented Reality

Augmented Reality (AR) is getting close to real use cases,which is driving the creation of innovative applications and the unprecedented growth of Head-Mounted Display (HMD) devices in consumer availability. However, at present there is a lack of guidelines, common form factors and standard interaction paradigms between devices, which has resulted in each HMD manufacturer creating their own specifications. This paper presents the first experimental evaluation of two AR HMDs evaluating their interaction paradigms, namely we used the HoloLens v1 (metaphoric interaction) and Meta2 (isomorphic interaction). We report on precision, interactivity and usability metrics in an object manipulation task-based user study. 20 participants took part in this study and significant differences were found between interaction paradigms of the devices for move tasks, where the isomorphic mapped interaction outperformed the metaphoric mapped interaction in both time to completion and accuracy, while the contrary was found for the resize task. From an interaction perspective, the isomorphic mapped interaction (using the Meta2) was perceived as more natural and usable with a significantly higher usability score and a significantly lower task-load index. However, when task accuracy and time to completion is key mixed interaction paradigms need to be considered