System approach for building energy conservation

Energy use in residential and commercial buildings and towers represents more than 30% of energy consumption. The increase in number of buildings and towers in most of the major cities worldwide led to several initiatives for energy conservation programs with the main objective to achieve energy savings. Most energy strategies include energy conservation beside the increase in the penetration of renewable energy technologies. This paper shows business model and engineering design framework for practical implementation of energy conservation in buildings. Key performance indicators are modeled and used to evaluate energy conservation strategies and energy supply scenarios as part of the design and operation of building energy systems. The proposed system approach shows effective management of building energy knowledge on the basis of Energy Semantic Networks (ESN), which supports the simulation, evaluation, and optimization of several building energy conservation scenarios. Case study hotel is used to illustrate the proposed building energy conservation framework. 2014 The Author.Scopus2-s2.0-8492350384

Fault Diagnosis in Fuzzy Discrete Event System: Incomplete Models and Learning

Nowadays, determining faults in non-stationary environment and that can deal with the problems of fuzziness impreciseness and subjectivity is a challenging task in complex systems such as nuclear center, or wind turbines, etc. Our objective in this paper is to develop models based on fuzzy finite state automaton with fuzzy variables describing the industrial process in order to detect anomalies in real time and possibly in anticipation. A diagnosis method has for goal to alert actors responsible for managing operations and resources, able to adapt to the emergence of new procedures or improvisation in the case of unexpected situations. The diagnoser module use the outputs events and membership values of each active state of the model as input events

Energy conservation in residential, commercial, and industrial facilities

An authoritative and comprehensive guide to managing energy conservation in infrastructures. Energy Conservation in Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Facilities offers an essential guide to the business models and engineering design frameworks for the implementation of energy conservation in infrastructures. The presented models of both physical and technological systems can be applied to a wide range of structures such as homes, hotels, public facilities, industrial facilities, transportation, and water/energy supply systems. The authors--noted experts in the field--explore the key performance indicators that are used to evaluate energy conservation strategies and the energy supply scenarios as part of the design and operation of energy systems in infrastructures. The text is based on a systems approach that demonstrates the effective management of building energy knowledge and supports the simulation, evaluation, and optimization of several building energy conservation scenarios. In addition, the authors explore new methods of developing energy semantic network (ESN) superstructures, energy conservation optimization techniques, and risk-based life cycle assessments. This important text: * Defines the most effective ways to model the infrastructure of physical and technological systems * Includes information on the most widely used techniques in the validation and calibration of building energy simulation * Offers a discussion of the sources, quantification, and reduction of uncertainty * Presents a number of efficient energy conservation strategies in infrastructure systems, including HVAC, lighting, appliances, transportation, and industrial facilities * Describes illustrative case studies to demonstrate the proposed energy conservation framework, practices, methods, engineering designs, control, and technologies Written for students studying energy conservation as well as engineers designing the next generation of buildings, Energy Conservation in Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Facilities offers a wide-ranging guide to the effective management of energy conservation in infrastructures

Resiliency Analysis of Hybrid Energy Systems within Interconnected Infrastructures

There are world tendencies to implement interconnected infrastructures of energy-water-waste-transportation-food-health-social systems to enhance the overall performance in normal and emergency situations where there are multiple interactions among them with possible conversions and improved efficiencies. Hybrid energy systems are core elements within interconnected infrastructures with possible conversions among electricity, thermal, gas, hydrogen, waste, and transportation networks. This could be improved with storage systems and intelligent control systems. It is important to study resiliency of hybrid energy systems within interconnected infrastructures to ensure reduced risks and improved performance. This paper presents framework for the analysis of resiliency layers as related to protection layers. Case study of hybrid energy system as integrated with water, waste, and transportation infrastructures is presented where different resiliency and protection layers are assessed. Performance measures are modeled and evaluated for possible interconnection scenarios with internal and external factors that led to resiliency demands. Resiliency layers could trigger protection layers under certain conditions, which are evaluated to achieve high performance hybrid energy systems within interconnected infrastructures. The proposed approach will support urban, small, and remote communities to achieve high performance interconnected infrastructures for normal and emergency situations

Modeling of Interconnected Infrastructures with Unified Interface Design toward Smart Cities

In recent years, there have been tendencies to enable smart cities with interconnected infrastructures and communities. Current engineering design and operation practices are limited to handling individual systems with modeling and simulation, as well as control systems. This paper presents a holistic approach with engineering practice to design and operate interconnected systems as part of smart cities. The approach is based on modeling individual physical systems and associated processes and identifying key performance indicators to evaluate each system and interconnected systems with an understanding of the coupling among systems to increase the overall performance of interconnected systems. The multi-objective optimization technique is proposed to achieve the best performance based on system design, control, and operation parameters. Due to the multidimensional nature of the interconnected systems, a unified interface system with modular design is proposed to achieve the highest overall performance of the interconnected systems with standardized interactions among state variables and performance measures. The proposed approach can allow dynamic updates of the interconnected systems based on model libraries of each system and process. A case study is presented of interconnected energy–water–transportation–waste facilities, whereby modeling is discussed, and performance measures are evaluated for different scenarios using the unified interface design

Analysis of Liquid Zone Control Valve Oscillation Problem in CANDU Reactors

This paper looks at the existing challenges with steady-state Liquid Zone control at some CANDU (CANada Deuterium Uranium) stations, where—contrary to expectations for equilibrium flow—Liquid Zone Control Valve oscillations have proven to be a chronic, unanticipated challenge. Currently, the exact causes of this behaviour are not fully understood, although it is confirmed that the Control Valve oscillations are not due to automatic power adjustment requests or zone level changes due to process leaks. This phenomenon was analysed based on a case study of one domestic nuclear power station to determine whether it could be attributed to inherent controller properties. Next, a proposal is made in an attempt to improve current performance with minimal changes to the existing system hardware and logic using conventional technologies. Finally, a proposal was made to consider Model Predictive Control-based technology to minimize the undesirable Control Valve oscillations at steady state based on the obtained simulation results and discussion of other available alternatives

Enhancing FBG Sensing in the Industrial Application by Optimizing the Grating Parameters Based on NSGA-II

Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology has shown a mutation in developing fiber optic-based sensors because of their tiny size, high dielectric strength, distributed sensing, and immunity to high voltage and magnetic field interference. Therefore, FBG sensors significantly improve performance and accuracy in the world of measurements. The reflectivity and bandwidth are the main parameters that can dramatically affect the sensing performance and accuracy. Each industrial application has its requirements regarding the reflectivity and bandwidth of the reflected wavelength. Optimizing such problems with multi-objective functions that might t with each other based on applications’ needs is a big challenge. Therefore, this paper presents an optimization method based on the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II), aiming at determining the optimum grating parameters to suit applications’ needs. To sum up, the optimization process aims to convert industrial applications’ requirements, including bandwidth and reflectivity, into the manufacturing setting of FBG sensors, including grating length and modulation refractive index. The method has been implemented using MATLAB and validated with other research work in the literature. Results proved the capability of the new way to determine the optimum grating parameters for fulfilling application requirements